107 | id == 107
107 | category_id == 15
107 | category_order == 11
107 | category_name == Diet
107 | category_color == #C47AC0
107 | slug == GIPR-Diet-Blood-Sugar
107 | title == How An Insulin Gene Influences Diet and Blood Sugar (GIPR)
107 | meta_description == GIPR plays a key role in insulin production, but certain genetic variants may lead to blood sugar issues. Learn more here.
107 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The body naturally secretes insulin in response to rising glucose levels, such as after eating a meal. The GIPR gene plays a key role in this insulin secretion process. However, certain variants in this gene can interfere with insulin function, potentially resulting in metabolic problems.</strong></p>
107 | overall_score_text == Your Blood Sugar Score (Based On GIPR Gene)
107 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/GIPR--Metabolic-Health.jpg
107 | author_id == 8
107 | author_name == Mathew Eng
107 | author_title == PharmD
107 | author_order == 40
107 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Mathew.jpg
107 | author_intro == <p><strong>Mathew received his PharmD from the University of Hawaii and an undergraduate degree in Biology from the University of Washington.</strong></p>    <p>Mathew is a licensed pharmacist with clinical experience in oncology, infectious disease, and diabetes management. He has a passion for personalized patient care and believes that education is essential to living a healthy life. His goal is to motivate individuals to find ways to manage their chronic conditions.</p>
107 | reviewer == None
107 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
107 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
107 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
107 | publish_date == 2020
107 | publish_date == 2
107 | publish_date == 29
107 | avg_rating == 5.0
107 | tags_id == 127
107 | tags_name == Diabetes Type 2
107 | tags_id == 183
107 | tags_name == Diet
107 | tags_id == 272
107 | tags_name == GIPR Gene
107 | tags_id == 139
107 | tags_name == Insulin
107 | tags_id == 116
107 | tags_name == Insulin Resistance
107 | tags_id == 141
107 | tags_name == Metabolic Health
107 | tags_id == 165
107 | tags_name == Obesity
107 | permissions_favorite == False
107 | permissions_rate == False
107 | content_article == <h2><strong>The <em>GIPR</em> Gene</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../gene/gipr/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is responsible for encoding a protein with the same name, </span><strong>GIPR</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (which is short for gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319611/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene and the protein it helps create play an important role in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/insulin-101/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> production in the body [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research has found that certain variants in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene can alter the body&rsquo;s ability to secrete insulin. As a result, these variants may be associated with </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin resistance</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/glucose/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">diabetes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260076/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29723152"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254363"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><strong>How GIPR Works</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The GIPR protein is created from the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;R&rsquo; in GIPR stands for receptor, as it acts as a receptor for the GIP protein [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The GIP protein belongs to a class of hormones called incretins, which are responsible for regulating </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/fasting-blood-glucose-test/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">blood sugar (glucose) levels</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When glucose levels become high, such as after a meal, GIP is secreted from special intestinal cells called K cells [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This newly secreted GIP binds to GIPR located on the pancreas, which causes insulin secretion [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Insulin allows the body to use or store glucose, which helps lower blood glucose levels [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><strong><em>GIPR</em> and Blood Sugar</strong></h2> <h3><strong>How Do <em>GIPR</em> Variants Affect Metabolic Health?</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research suggests that certain variants in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene may influence aspects of metabolic health, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and body fat [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081857"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288728/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is because the primary function of GIPR (along with GIP) is to stimulate the production of insulin in response to a rise in blood sugar (glucose) levels, such as after a meal [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319611/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Certain </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants can impair this function, leading to reduced secretion of insulin [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081857"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This reduced ability to produce insulin can hinder the body&rsquo;s ability to process glucose, which can lead to elevated blood glucose levels. This may lead to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081857"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288728/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>Who Is Affected?</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are several specific variants in </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that are associated with metabolic disorders.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the following sections, we&rsquo;ll go over each of these variants and highlight which groups of people may be affected.</span></p> <h4><strong>The rs10423928 Variant</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the more well-researched SNPs in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene is </span><strong>rs10423928</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are two possible alleles in rs10423928: the more common &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele and the less common &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Carrying the &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele usually results in normal gene function, while the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is associated with decreased insulin secretion [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081857"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a meta-analysis of 16 studies including over 57,000 patients of European descent, the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is moderately associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922003/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similar results were found in a study of over 6,800 individuals from Shanghai, China. The &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele was linked to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in this Chinese population [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984505/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another study looked at over 5,000 pregnant women from Northern India. Researchers found that the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele was linked to worse insulin resistance and a trend towards gestational diabetes (a type of diabetes that can occur during pregnancy) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6083526/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in European and Chinese groups. It has also been linked to gestational diabetes in Indian women.</span></p> <h4><strong>The rs2302382 Variant</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The two alleles in rs2302382 are the more common &lsquo;C&rsquo; allele and the rare &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is evidence that the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele in rs2302382 is linked to metabolic disorder, likely due to impaired insulin secretion [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744963"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254363"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, a study of 300 Egyptian patients suggests that the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is associated with type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744963"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study of over 700 German families found that the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is significantly more common in obese adults and children [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254363"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, there is conflicting evidence. Based on a population study of over 4,300 German individuals, the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele was actually linked to </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">lower</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> BMI [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254363"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">In rs2302382, the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele is associated with type 2 diabetes in Egyptian individuals. The &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele may also be linked to obesity in German populations, although there is conflicting evidence.</span></p> <h4><strong>The rs11671664 Variant</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The two possible alleles in rs11671664 are the common &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele and the much more uncommon &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In this case, the more common &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele appears to be associated with higher BMI, according to a study of close to 28,000 individuals of East Asian descent [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288728/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It&rsquo;s not entirely clear how the &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele in this SNP affects the function of the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele in rs11671664 may be associated with higher BMI in East Asians.</span></p> <h2><strong>Your <em>GIPR</em> Results for Blood Sugar</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can see your genotypes for GIPR in the table below. However, keep in mind that these associations are based on studies from certain ethnic populations &mdash; so you should interpret your results with caution if you are not descended from one of these specific groups!</span></em></p> <p>*2334752167616200*</p> <p><strong>Primary SNPs:&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>GIPR rs10423928</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Normal metabolic function</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">These associations have only been found in European, Chinese, and Indian populations</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Only about 3% of all people worldwide have the &lsquo;AA&rsquo; genotype (highest risk)</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>GIPR rs2302382</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Normal metabolic function</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">These associations have only been found in Egyptian and German populations</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Only about 4% of all people worldwide have the &lsquo;AA&rsquo; genotype (highest risk)</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>GIPR rs11671664</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Not associated with metabolic disorder</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with higher BMI</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">This association has only been found in East Asian populations</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">About 73% of all people worldwide have the &lsquo;GG&rsquo; genotype (highest risk)</span></li> </ul> <p>*4030052655784635*</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations to Improve Blood Sugar</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you believe you may have metabolic problems, always speak with your doctor first. Issues with blood glucose and insulin may require medical attention and treatment.</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, talk to your doctor before implementing any of the following strategies. There may be unexpected interactions with your current medications or health conditions.&nbsp;</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">None of these recommendations should ever be used to replace any of the treatments or medications that your doctor gives you.</span></em></p> <p>*4259837786994689*</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It&rsquo;s not entirely clear how changes in </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">activity can affect metabolic health. Research on experimental GIPR medications has revealed conflicting results [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567927"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31330984"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30578168"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31447774"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For this reason, we&rsquo;ll focus on general recommendations that improve metabolic health rather than specific ways to alter the function of the GIPR gene.</span></p> <h3><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Get Enough Sleep</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The body goes through important metabolic changes </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-sleep/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">during sleep</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. A lack of sleep can disrupt this process, leading to an imbalance of blood glucose, insulin, and other hormones [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767932/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29510179"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A number of studies show that short sleep duration and poor sleep quality are strongly linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767932/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29510179"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30439506"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29630921"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies show that even sleep durations of 4 to 5 hours are linked to insulin resistance [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767932/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29510179"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">How much sleep should you get? The ideal sleep duration varies for each person, but most experts recommend that adults get about 7 to 9 hours of sleep [</span><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><strong>Exercise Regularly</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-14-proven-health-benefits-exercise-references-mechanisms/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regular physical activity</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is one of the best ways to improve metabolic health.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research consistently shows that exercise helps reduce blood glucose levels and improve </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin sensitivity</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Physical activity can also significantly lower the risk of type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10683091"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many studies suggest that exercise produces a dose effect, meaning that longer or more intense exercise sessions can have greater benefits to insulin sensitivity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10683091"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There&rsquo;s also evidence that a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training (weightlifting) may produce greater benefits than either type of exercise alone [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10683091"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><strong>Reduce Stress</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/63-factors-raising-stress-cortisol-level-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Psychological stress</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> can cause several biological changes in the body, including an increase in inflammatory compounds and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cortisol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (the stress hormone) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579396/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research also suggests that stress can have negative effects on metabolic health [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664919"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A number of studies show that mental stress is associated with insulin resistance and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664919"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cortisol itself is also linked to higher blood glucose, insulin resistance, and waist circumference [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919480/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction, have been shown to improve glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772897"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015675/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><strong>Quit Smoking</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cigarette smoking increases blood glucose, insulin resistance, and the risk of type 2 diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/diabetes.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-information/cigarette-smoking-risk-factor-type-2-diabetes"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to some estimates, smokers are 30-40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to non-smokers [</span><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/diabetes.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smoking also increases the risk of diabetes-related complications such as diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage caused by diabetes) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530709/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For those without diabetes, quitting smoking can immediately help prevent the disease. Even for those that do have diabetes, quitting smoking can make it easier to manage your blood glucose levels [</span><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/diabetes.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-information/cigarette-smoking-risk-factor-type-2-diabetes"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It&rsquo;s no surprise that diet has a direct impact on glucose levels and overall metabolic health.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Generally speaking, those concerned about their blood glucose and insulin levels should avoid foods high in sugar or carbohydrates [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-type-2-diabetes/50-ways"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some foods to avoid include [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-type-2-diabetes/50-ways"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sugary sweets, including candy, ice cream, and other desserts</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sugary drinks, such as soda and fruit juices</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Starchy vegetables, such as potatoes</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Refined grains, including white bread, rice, and pasta</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Healthy food choices to improve metabolic health include [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-type-2-diabetes/50-ways"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vegetables, especially leafy greens such as spinach and kale</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish and other seafood</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Healthy cooking oils, such as </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/olive-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">olive oil</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Foods high in fiber</span></li> </ul> <h4><strong>The <em>GIPR</em> Gene and Diet</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly enough, there is evidence that the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">GIPR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene may affect how the body responds to dietary intake.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A population study of almost 25,000 people from Sweden found that people who carry the &lsquo;AA&rsquo; genotype in rs10423928 had a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes when eating a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399504"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, those with the &lsquo;TT&rsquo; allele benefited more from eating a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399504"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p>
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107 | content_learn_more_4030052655784635_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your GIPR gene is somewhat associated with metabolic disorder in certain ethnic groups. However, keep in mind that this score represents only one of many different factors that can influence metabolic health. Specific lifestyle and diet changes may help — read on to learn more!
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rsIDs = rs10423928,rs11671664,rs2302382
rsStatus = rs10423928,GIPR,chr19,45679046,T,A,,,41,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs11671664,GIPR,chr19,45669020,G,A,,,37,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs2302382,GIPR,chr19,45669311,C,A,G,,20,21,HET
