139 | id == 139
139 | category_id == 17
139 | category_order == 14
139 | category_name == Respiratory Health
139 | category_color == #C47AC0
139 | slug == IL8-ARDS-lung-inflammation
139 | title == The Genetic Link Between Inflammation and Lung Failure (IL8)
139 | meta_description == IL8 codes for an inflammatory cytokine (IL-8) involved in excessive inflammation. Click to learn its role in lung failure.
139 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The IL8 gene codes for interleukin 8, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that may contribute to excessive inflammation. Read on to learn how one variant in this gene correlates with acute lung failure (ARDS).</strong></p>
139 | overall_score_text == Your Respiratory Complications Score (Based on IL8 Gene)
139 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/IL8--ARDS.jpg
139 | author_id == 9
139 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
139 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
139 | author_order == 45
139 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
139 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
139 | reviewer == None
139 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
139 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
139 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
139 | publish_date == 2020
139 | publish_date == 4
139 | publish_date == 8
139 | avg_rating == 5.0
139 | tags_id == 348
139 | tags_name == ARDS
139 | tags_id == 357
139 | tags_name == CXCL8 (IL8) gene
139 | tags_id == 347
139 | tags_name == Cytokine Storm
139 | tags_id == 356
139 | tags_name == Echinacea
139 | tags_id == 355
139 | tags_name == Garlic
139 | tags_id == 358
139 | tags_name == IL-8
139 | tags_id == 95
139 | tags_name == Immune System
139 | tags_id == 24
139 | tags_name == Inflammation
139 | tags_id == 350
139 | tags_name == Respiratory Health
139 | tags_id == 44
139 | tags_name == Selenium
139 | permissions_favorite == False
139 | permissions_rate == False
139 | content_article == <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you suspect you may have any kind of infection, seek medical help immediately. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. In addition, any genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non-genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at an increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2><strong>Interleukin 8 in Airway Inflammation</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a potent inflammatory protein or cytokine. It acts as a signal to attract white blood cells at sites of infection, especially in the lungs. The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/gene/il8/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL8</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (CXCL8)</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene codes for IL-8 and thus contributes to airway inflammation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141418/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8315568"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-8 plays a role in viral respiratory infections, cancer, and a range of inflammatory conditions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1516705"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1639201"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980965"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>ARDS</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden lung failure caused by blood poisoning (sepsis), severe pneumonia, or other critical conditions. Most ARDS patients require urgent supportive care in the intensive care unit (ICU) to avoid a fatal outcome [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157386/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759013/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584519/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>The Role of IL-8</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Uncontrolled inflammation caused by excessive cytokine release is the hallmark of ARDS. The stimulation of white blood cells can cause a so-called cytokine storm and do more damage than the infection itself [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757701/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26895644/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27381687"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176007/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192578"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-8 is a central cytokine in ARDS development. ARDS patients have much higher IL-8 levels in the blood and lungs, which correlate with disease progression and mortality [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897124"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816641/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8095568"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">ARDS occurs due to excessive release of cytokines, especially IL-8, in the lungs.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>IL8 Variant and ARDS</strong>&nbsp;</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study of 1,200 patients, one SNP in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL8</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene had a significant impact on ARDS development and progression. People with the &ldquo;AA&rdquo; genotype at </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs4073/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4073</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> were more likely to develop ARDS and remain on mechanical ventilation in the first two weeks [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897124"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A small trial of 97 patients analyzed this genetic effect and came to the same conclusion [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498967"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Among 750 patients with widespread inflammation, those with rs4073-A had more severe forms of acute liver injury (ALI) and required mechanical ventilation more frequently. However, the association was weak and inconsistent [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3522667/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This genetic variant may not impact ARDS development in children, according to a study of 549 participants [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471952/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><strong><em>Note:</em></strong><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> You may come across a resource that attributes the above effects to the "T" allele or "TT" genotype. Unlike SelfDecode, others may report on a negative DNA strand, where "A" becomes "T" and vice versa.</span></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The &ldquo;AA&rdquo; genotype at rs4073 may be associated with ARDS development and severity.</span></p> <h3><strong>How It Works</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As mentioned earlier, excess IL-8 levels are one of the culprits behind a &ldquo;cytokine storm&rdquo; and ARDS.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Multiple studies have found that the &ldquo;AA&rdquo; genotype at rs4073 increases IL-8 expression in white blood cells, which might contribute to ARDS development [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897124"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498967"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745668/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><strong>Your IL8 Results for Respiratory Complications</strong></h2> <p><strong>*8692735625170826*</strong></p> <h3><strong>SNP Summary and Table</strong></h3> <p><strong>Primary SNP:</strong></p> <p><strong>IL8 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs4073/"><strong>rs4073</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = associated with increased rates and severity of lung failure</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = not associated with lung failure rates or severity</span></li> </ul> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population Frequency:</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Around 18% of European, 16% of East-Asian, and 71% of African descendants carry the problematic &ldquo;AA&rdquo; genotype.</span></p> <p><strong>*7705074153964964*</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations to Support Immunity and Lung Health</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may try the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.</span></em></p> <p><strong>*5579627845782382*</strong></p> <h3><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sleep deprivation and a disrupted circadian rhythm can wreak havoc on the immune system and promote inflammation. In one study, people who worked 24-hour shifts had significantly higher </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/il-8/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-8</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> levels [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5768894/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077736"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/news-releases/year-2013/nov/immune-clock-hooper.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3747272/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rest is crucial both for preventing respiratory infections and for recovery if you are sick. Try to maintain proper sleep hygiene to </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/can-you-boost-your-immune-system-and-lower-inflammation-at-the-same-time/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">boost your immunity</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and ward off harmful microbes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839418/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568388/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495408/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23099140/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Eat More Garlic</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Different garlic components may reduce oxidative stress and lower the levels of IL-8 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537651/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In test tubes, garlic extract was active against several viruses that cause respiratory infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470664"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3001801"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study of 120 people, aged garlic extract reduced the severity of colds and the flu. It increased the number of immune cells (T cells and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/intro-natural-killer-cells-increase-decrease/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NK cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) while lowering inflammatory cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280901"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In another clinical trial of 146 healthy volunteers, an allicin-containing garlic supplement helped prevent the common cold and reduce its duration [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Garlic may reduce IL-8, strengthen the immune response, and help prevent respiratory infections.&nbsp;</span></p> <h4><strong>Avoid Selenium Deficiency</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-selenium/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Selenium</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> blocks the activation of</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/nuclear-factor-kappa-b/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> NF-kB</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the key controller of inflammation in the body. As a result, fewer inflammatory substances are released into the bloodstream, including </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/il-8/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-8</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19418416"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944486"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Selenium deficiency impairs immune function, while supplementation stimulates the immune system, even in people who are not deficient. </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lymphocytes/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lymphocytes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of people who supplemented with selenium (200 &micro;g/day) were more efficient at destroying pathogens and tumor cells [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946899"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lack of selenium can set off the immune system and cause even harmless viral infections to progress and become dangerous. Scientists have observed this phenomenon for different viruses [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387264"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC87433/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288282/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1900161/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090490/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study of 40 people linked selenium deficiency with flu infection and pneumonia. In a clinical trial on 75 children with lower respiratory diseases caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), selenium supplementation promoted a faster recovery [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576630/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9863072"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It&rsquo;s fairly easy to meet your daily selenium requirements (50 mcg/day) through diet by eating more fish, seeds, and Brazil nuts [</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Selenium can reduce IL-8 and other inflammatory cytokines. Getting enough selenium from Brazil nuts, fish, and seeds will help boost your immunity and prevent viral infections.</span></p> <h3><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Astragalus</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Polysaccharides are active compounds in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/astragalus/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">astragalus</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, responsible for its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. They can reduce inflammatory cytokines like</span><a href="https://selfhack.com/blog/supplements-lifestyle-factors-influence-tnf-interleukin-6-il-6/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">TNF-&alpha;</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://selfhack.com/blog/interleukin-6/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-6</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and</span><a href="https://selfhack.com/blog/il-8/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-8</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26226456"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12840868"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27645929"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27768989"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to animal and cell studies, astragalus may inhibit different respiratory viruses, which affect the sinuses, throat, airways, or lungs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638577/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170045"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3729712/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955127/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Astragalus may help improve lung function, primarily by reducing airway inflammation and protecting against tissue damage [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821718"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957235/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a meta-analysis of 9 trials and 660 patients with chronic lung disease (COPD), an herbal mixture with astragalus was able to reduce the symptoms and improve lung function. The evidence for other respiratory conditions is inconclusive [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957235/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Astragalus can reduce IL8-mediated inflammation, help prevent respiratory infections, and improve lung function in COPD patients.</span></p> <h4><strong>Echinacea</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice infected with the influenza virus, echinacea extract reduced IL-8 and IL-10 levels in the lungs. Another echinacea extract (Echinaforce) reversed the production of IL-8 and different cytokines caused by infection with multiple viruses [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016056/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19409931"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">People take echinacea to promote overall immune function and reduce inflammation. A study of 282 patients pointed out that echinacea is most effective at the beginning of a cold [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748902"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26009695"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to most studies, echinacea extracts may also help prevent colds, shorten their duration, and reduce painkiller use [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597571"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457740/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A meta-analysis found that echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and their complications [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784510"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Echinacea may lower airway inflammation, partly by inhibiting IL-8. It supports the immune response to microbes and may help with different respiratory infections.</span></p> <h4><strong>Curcumin</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin supplementation lowered IL-8 (and other inflammatory markers) in multiple trials on people with different inflammatory conditions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27789120"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30566760"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438867"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038702"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21627399"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice with acute lung injury caused by severe bacterial infections, curcumin (either injected, as a nose spray, or directly delivered into the lungs) prevented its progression to ARDS by reducing lung inflammation, swelling, and damage [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056776"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31530014"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24460792"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488693/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526714"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A recent study in mice suggested that curcumin protects from ARDS in part by promoting the development of anti-inflammatory Tregs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004976"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin also reduced lung damage and inflammation caused by air pollution, different chemicals, diabetes, and lung transplantation in animal studies [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721509/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037262/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837350"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10666014"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002695"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22974604"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26111829"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18379247"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Curcumin may lower lung inflammation by blocking IL-8 and potentially help prevent acute lung failure.</span></p>
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