143 | id == 143
143 | category_id == 17
143 | category_order == 14
143 | category_name == Respiratory Health
143 | category_color == #C47AC0
143 | slug == CYP1A1-pneumonia-ARDS
143 | title == Can This Gene Increase the Risk of Pneumonia and ARDS? (CYP1A1)
143 | meta_description == A variant in CYP1A1 may increase susceptibility to pneumonia and ARDS. Read on to learn more!
143 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Can your version of the <em>CYP1A1</em> gene make you more susceptible to pneumonia and ARDS (<em>acute respiratory distress syndrome</em>)? Studies of <em>CYP1A1</em> suggest that may be the case. Read on to learn more!</strong></p>
143 | overall_score_text == Pneumonia Susceptibility Score (based on CYP1A1)
143 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/CYP1A1_SD_Blog_post_image.jpg
143 | author_id == 10
143 | author_name == Biljana Novkovic
143 | author_title == PhD
143 | author_order == 50
143 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Biljana.jpg
143 | author_intro == <p><strong>Biljana received her PhD in Ecological Genetics from Hokkaido University.</strong></p>    <p>Before joining SelfHacked, she was a research scientist with extensive field and laboratory experience. She spent 4 years reviewing the scientific literature on supplements, lab tests and other areas of health sciences. She is passionate about releasing the most accurate science &amp; health information available on topics, and she&#39;s meticulous when writing and reviewing articles to make sure the science is sound. She believes that SelfHacked has the best science that is also layperson-friendly on the web.</p>
143 | reviewer == None
143 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
143 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
143 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
143 | publish_date == 2020
143 | publish_date == 4
143 | publish_date == 10
143 | avg_rating == 4.2
143 | tags_id == 348
143 | tags_name == ARDS
143 | tags_id == 362
143 | tags_name == CYP1A1 Gene
143 | tags_id == 363
143 | tags_name == Pneumonia
143 | tags_id == 336
143 | tags_name == Respiratory Infection
143 | permissions_favorite == False
143 | permissions_rate == False
143 | content_article == <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you suspect you may have any kind of infection, seek medical help immediately. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. In addition, any one genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What is CYP1A1?</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/gene/CYP1A1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CYP1A1</a> belongs to a group of enzymes called <em>CYP enzymes</em>. CYP enzymes help eliminate toxins from the human body. Unlike other CYP enzymes, which are mostly found in the liver, CYP1A1 is mainly found in the lungs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164225/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5219678/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127120"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">CYP1A1's main task is to help remove toxins that are released from burning coal, oil, gasoline, trash, tobacco, wood, or charcoal-broiled meat (<em>polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</em>, or just "PAHs" for short) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056331/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition, there are studies that suggest that CYP1A1 may also protect against oxidative stress, by neutralizing <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/oxidative-stress-101/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>reactive oxygen species</em> (ROS)</a> in the lungs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893714"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">CYP1A1 is an enzyme that helps remove toxic chemicals from the lungs.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CYP1A1, Pneumonia, and ARDS</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why do people respond differently to respiratory infections? While some are barely affected, others can develop serious symptoms and complications, such as pneumonia. In part, this is often due to underlying diseases and immune issues. But scientists think that genetics also plays a role.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A group of Russian scientists has found that the 'A' allele of <a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs2606345/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rs2606345</strong></a>, a SNP in the <em>CYP1A1</em> gene, was associated with increased susceptibility to pneumonia (3 studies each with several hundred people) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411129"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312901"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107763"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Furthermore, in another study of 750 people, those with pneumonia who had the 'AA' genotype had a higher risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127120"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ARDS is a progressive, life-threatening condition that may develop from severe cases of respiratory diseases such pneumonia. During ARDS, the lungs no longer work properly because they get filled with fluid leaking from the blood vessels. This leads to labored breathing, insufficient oxygen supply, and eventually organ failure. People with ARDS often need to go on a ventilator, and over 40% of them end up dying [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24364461"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028393"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108259/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267590/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">A variant in <em>CYP1A1</em> is more common in those with pneumonia and was associated with a higher risk of developing ARDS, an often fatal complication of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Potential Mechanisms</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies suggest that the 'A' allele of rs2606345 decreases CYP1A1 levels [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951882"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. Scientists currently believe that lower CYP1A may contribute to lung inflammation in pneumonia, although the exact mechanisms are still unknown [</span><a href="https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(13)00042-8/fulltext"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127120"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A potential explanation is that CYP1A1 may protect against <em>reactive oxygen species</em> (ROS).&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mice without CYP1A1 experience more lung damage and inflammation due to oxidative stress and reactive oxidative species (ROS) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893714"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly, female mice do better when exposed to <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/oxidative-stress-101/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">oxidative stress</a> (due to excess oxygen) because they have higher CYP1A1 levels [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792423"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study in humans suggests that women have higher levels of CYP1A1 compared to men in general, but we don't know how this relates to the rs2606345 SNP [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557573"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Variants that decrease CYP1A1 enzyme levels may contribute to inflammation in pneumonia by making the lungs more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Men tend to have lower CYP1A1 levels than women.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Your <em>CYP1A1</em> Results for Pneumonia / ARDS</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Note that our knowledge of human CYP1A1 variants in pneumonia comes from a single laboratory, and needs independent verification.</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*2127073302098809*</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CYP1A1</em></strong><strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs2606345/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> rs2606345</a>:</strong></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li>'C' = the most common allele; associated with higher CYP1A1 expression <span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951882"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li>'A' = the relatively less common allele; associated with lower CYP1A1 expression, increased susceptibility to pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411129">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312901">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107763">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127120">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951882">R</a>]</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">About 40% of people carry the 'A' allele, and 14% have the full 'AA' genotype. The 'A' allele is significantly more common in Europeans, where about 89% of the people carry the 'A' allele, and 43% have the 'AA' genotype.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*7207130134544215*</strong></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Recommendations For Lung Health</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*1097694503252237*</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may consider trying the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Discuss the strategies listed here with your doctor. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor has recommended or prescribed.</span></em></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diet</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dietary Zinc</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Zinc deficiency has been found to decrease the expression of CYP1A1 in cells [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2346446/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study of 116 people, those who developed ARDS had lower blood </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/literally-everything-wanted-know-zinc-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">zinc </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">levels than both people in the ICU who didn&rsquo;t develop this complication and healthy volunteers. The same study found that zinc deficiency stimulated the development of lung injuries due to mechanical ventilation in mice [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5453708/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The richest sources of dietary zinc include beef, pork, and seafood [</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cruciferous Vegetables</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We don't know for sure if cruciferous veggies increase CYP1A1 expression in humans. However, several studies have found that indole-3-carbinol, a substance found in cruciferous vegetables, increased CYP1A1 levels in human cells and rats [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507062"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12147290"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23330137"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Garlic</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Garlic oil was shown to increase CYP1A1 levels in rats [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12575903"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. There are no studies in humans that look at the levels of CYP1A1 directly, but one study in humans does show that garlic increases Ahr, an activator of CYP1A1 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423732"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies in humans suggest that garlic may help reduce the severity and duration of respiratory infections. It increased the number of immune cells (T cells and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/intro-natural-killer-cells-increase-decrease/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NK cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">), boosting the immune system while lowering inflammatory proteins (cytokines) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280901"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588383"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplements</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3 Fatty Acids&nbsp;</span></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> increased CYP1A1 in rats [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12575903"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. However, it's still a question if it has the same effect in humans.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">2 meta-analyses concluded that omega-3 supplementation is beneficial to improve ARDS symptoms and reduce its death rate [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30703574"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5984323/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Andrographis&nbsp;</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two studies found that andrographis increased CYP1A1 in mouse cells [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825862"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963808"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. However, this effect of andrographis has not yet been confirmed in humans.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A meta-analysis of 33 trials with over 7k people suggests that andrographis can help reduce the severity and duration of respiratory infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. There are also promising studies looking into the effects of andrographis in people with pneumonia [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442483/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].<br /></span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quercetin</span></h4> <p><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/quercetin-22-scientifically-proven-benefits-quercetin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quercetin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is a dietary polyphenol found in plant foods, including red grapes, onions, green tea, apples, berries, and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ginkgo biloba</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies in cells suggest that quercetin increases CYP1A1 activity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10359656"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016704/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794518"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a clinical trial on 102 male smokers, both eating an antioxidant diet (including berries, green vegetables, nuts, green tea, dark chocolate, and olive oil) and eating 3 kiwifruits/day (which are a rich source of polyphenols including quercetin) increased the expression of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">AhR</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and activator of CYP1A1 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955589/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Importantly, quercetin decreased total sick days and severity of respiratory infections in middle aged and older subjects, but only in those who rated themselves as physically fit [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478383">R</a>].<br /><br />Quercetin also prevented the worsening of lung disease in mice with lung issues (COPD) infected by a rhinovirus [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199612">R</a>].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cruciferous vegetables, garlic, omega-3 (fish oil), andrographis, and quercetin were shown to increase CYP1A1 in animal studies and human cells.</span></span></p>
143 | content_snp_table_2127073302098809_key == 2127073302098809
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143 | content_learn_more_7207130134544215_key == 7207130134544215
143 | content_learn_more_7207130134544215_blur == True
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143 | content_learn_more_7207130134544215_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your CYP1A1 gene is associated with normal CYP1A1 levels which are protective against pneumonia and possibly ARDS. However, other genes and health factors may still contribute to your risk. Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking and alcohol abuse can help minimize your risk.
143 | content_recommendation_1097694503252237_key == 1097694503252237
143 | content_recommendation_1097694503252237_blur == True
143 | content_recommendation_1097694503252237_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs2606345
rsStatus = rs2606345,CYP1A1,chr15,74724835,C,A,,,18,11,HET
