152 | id == 152
152 | category_id == 17
152 | category_order == 14
152 | category_name == Respiratory Health
152 | category_color == #C47AC0
152 | slug == MAP3K1-lung-failure
152 | title == The Role of Genes in Lung Failure Severity (MAP3K1)
152 | meta_description == MAP3K1 codes for an enzyme that controls inflammation. Learn about its link with acute lung failure (ARDS) severity.
152 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The MAP3K1 gene codes for an enzyme that increases inflammatory cytokines. Scientists have found a surprising link between one MAP3K1 variant and the severity of acute lung failure &mdash; read on to learn more!</strong></p>
152 | overall_score_text == Your Respiratory Complications Score (based on MAP3K1 gene)
152 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/MAP3K1--ARDS-not-axiom.jpg
152 | author_id == 9
152 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
152 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
152 | author_order == 45
152 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
152 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
152 | reviewer == None
152 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
152 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
152 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
152 | publish_date == 2020
152 | publish_date == 4
152 | publish_date == 15
152 | avg_rating == 5.0
152 | tags_id == 375
152 | tags_name == Andrographis
152 | tags_id == 348
152 | tags_name == ARDS
152 | tags_id == 347
152 | tags_name == Cytokine Storm
152 | tags_id == 244
152 | tags_name == Fish oil
152 | tags_id == 355
152 | tags_name == Garlic
152 | tags_id == 24
152 | tags_name == Inflammation
152 | tags_id == 376
152 | tags_name == MAP3K1 gene
152 | tags_id == 271
152 | tags_name == Polyphenols
152 | tags_id == 350
152 | tags_name == Respiratory Health
152 | tags_id == 243
152 | tags_name == Smoking
152 | tags_id == 50
152 | tags_name == Stress
152 | permissions_favorite == False
152 | permissions_rate == False
152 | content_article == <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">This post involves SNPs which were recently added to the SelfDecode database. If you do not see any score, please rescan your file in the&nbsp;<a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/dashboard/"><strong>Dashboard</strong></a>!</span></span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you suspect you may have an infection, seek medical help immediately. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. In addition, any genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non-genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at an increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2><strong>MAP3K1, Inflammation &amp; Respiratory Health</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/gene/map3k1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">MAP3K1</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene codes for an enzyme with versatile roles in the immune system, reproductive health, cancer protection, and more [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356348/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MAP3K1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This enzyme belongs to a family called mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). It activates key transcription factors involved in inflammation, including the master controller NF-kB [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11728826/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9576928/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists have observed the link between MAP3K1 variants and inflammatory conditions such as Crohn&rsquo;s disease and asthma [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521924/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468730/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">MAP3K1 drives inflammation by increasing NF-kB and other inflammatory molecules. Its variants correlate with different inflammatory conditions.</span></p> <h3><strong>ARDS</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden lung failure caused by a blood infection, severe pneumonia, or other critical conditions. Most ARDS patients require mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) to avoid a fatal outcome [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157386/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759013/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584519/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Uncontrolled inflammation caused by excessive cytokine release is the hallmark of ARDS. Overstimulation of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> can cause a so-called cytokine storm and do more damage than the infection itself [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757701/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26895644/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176007/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192578"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">ARDS is a severe, often fatal complication of blood infections or respiratory diseases. It occurs due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.</span></p> <h3><strong>The Role of MAP3K1</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">MAP3K1 activates the so-called Fas pathway of inflammation. In the lung cells, this cascade serves to fight pathogens and other foreign threats. However, it may also contribute to excess lung inflammation resulting in ARDS [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813889/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682438/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The activation of this pathway increases the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a, which all play central roles in ARDS development and severity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9520401"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877667/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">MAP3K1 can increase the levels of inflammatory cytokines that play crucial roles in ARDS development and severity.</span></p> <h2><strong>MAP3K1 Variant and ARDS Severity</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One study examined the link between a MAP3K1 variant and ARDS severity in two groups of 547 total patients.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In one group, those with the &ldquo;GG&rdquo; genotype at </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs832582/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs832582</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> required mechanical ventilation six days longer. In the other, this genotype was associated with 15 additional days of ventilation and increased mortality [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5941309/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>How It Works</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study authors conducted additional tests to figure out the exact mechanisms at play.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to their results, the &ldquo;GG&rdquo; genotype changes one amino acid in the MAP3K1 structure. The modification increases the expression of various inflammatory genes, resulting in higher levels of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5941309/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies have associated all of the above cytokines with ARDS development and severity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8810593/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404020/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The "GG" allele at rs832582 increases the inflammatory cytokines associated with ARDS development and severity.</span></p> <h2><strong>Your MAP3K1 Results for Acute Lung Failure</strong></h2> <p>*5502897657315646*</p> <h3><strong>SNP Summary and Table</strong></h3> <p><strong>Primary SNP:</strong></p> <p><strong><em>MAP3K1</em></strong> <a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/snp/rs832582/"><strong>rs832582</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = not associated with acute lung failure (ARDS)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = associated with more severe forms of ARDS</span></li> </ul> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population Frequency</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">: Only around 4% of European descendants carry the problematic &ldquo;GG&rdquo; genotype. It&rsquo;s more common in African (8%) and East Asian (19%) populations.</span></p> <p>*2802821857388049*</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations for Immunity and Lung Health</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may try the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.</span></em></p> <p>*6552897658668238*</p> <h3><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Avoid Cigarette Smoke</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cigarette smoke may worsen the impact of your variant by increasing IL-6, TNF-a, and other inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. In one study, it strengthened the link between different MAPK genes, including MAP3K1, and mortality [</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653771"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1424390312001263"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4156917/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smoking is associated with an increased incidence, duration, and severity of respiratory tract infections such as the common cold, flu, and pneumonia. It can increase the risk of developing ARDS as a complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23978096"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175903"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cigarette smoke irritates the airways, damages their lining, prevents mucus clearance, and reduces the antimicrobial activity of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (macrophages) in the lungs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC475133/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6019163"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In children, exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke contributes to upper and lower respiratory tract infections, wheezing, and asthma. Cigarette smoke likely impairs the development and function of their lungs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6176766/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3411420/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Whether you are concerned about ARDS or not, giving up smoking is always a good idea to improve your overall health and protect the ones around you.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Avoid cigarette smoke to reduce MAP3K1-related inflammation, improve overall health, and prevent respiratory complications.</span></p> <h4><strong>Reduce Stress</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress is a well-known inflammation trigger. It increases norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), leading to MAPK activation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082169/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476783/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acute stress exposure may help keep the immune system "in shape," but chronic stress has potent inhibitory effects [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3446986/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A meta-analysis of 27 clinical trials confirmed the link between psychosocial stress and the risk of upper respiratory infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716708"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 532 Swedish adults, work-related stress was associated with asthma and respiratory infections, especially in men [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24897896"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Try to reduce stress by practicing your favorite relaxation techniques and devoting more time to relaxing and fun activities.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Chronic stress increases inflammation via MAPK, suppresses the immune response, and raises the risk of respiratory infections.</span></p> <h3><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Fruits and Vegetables</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fruits and vegetables are rich in polyphenols, phytosterols, and other active components that inhibit MAP3K1-associated cytokines [</span><a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/12/2293.full"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849266"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954946"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21136279"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When consumed in large quantities, polyphenols may act directly against viruses and boost immunity. Some of the most-potent ones include [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266803/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814610003158"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fisetin (strawberries, apples, tomatoes, onions, nuts, wine) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958421"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671819"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Apigenin (parsley, chamomile, celery, artichokes, oregano, red wine) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791748/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Luteolin (carrots, peppers, celery, olive oil, thyme, rosemary, oregano) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149659"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quercetin (red grapes, citrus fruit, onions, broccoli, leafy greens) [</span><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Quercetin"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Resveratrol (red grapes, blueberries, apples, plums) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261232/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> </ul> <h4><strong>Garlic</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sulfurous compounds from garlic suppress inflammation via MAPK and NF-kB. Hence, scientists have been researching garlic for a range of inflammatory conditions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766070"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28371322"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In test tubes, garlic extract was active against several viruses that cause respiratory infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470664"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3001801"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Aged garlic extract reduced the severity of colds and flu in a study of 120 people. It increased the number of immune cells (T cells and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/intro-natural-killer-cells-increase-decrease/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NK cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) while lowering inflammatory cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280901"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In another clinical trial of 146 healthy volunteers, a garlic supplement helped prevent the common cold and reduce its duration [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choose raw garlic for optimal effects and crush it before consumption to release the active ingredients [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10594976"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074326/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0701/p103.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Garlic may suppress MAPK, strengthen the immune response, and help prevent respiratory infections.&nbsp;</span></p> <h3><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Omega-3/Fish oil</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, EPA and DHA, suppress an array of inflammatory genes, including the MAPK genes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306624/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616699"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28820283/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They may improve lung function, primarily by reducing inflammation in the airways. Both EPA and DHA reduce ARDS-associated cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6533751/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25572556"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30703574"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2783477"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541548"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A review of 7 clinical trials and over 2,000 children suggests that supplementation with omega-3s during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of wheezing and asthma in the child [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30253674"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another review of 12 clinical trials including 1,280 patients found that omega-3 supplementation (mostly intravenous) may improve lung function and reduce the need for ventilators in ARDS patients [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30703574/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a meta-analysis of 18 studies and almost 1,800 people, omega-3 supplementation (both orally and through infusion) reduced the risk of ARDS due to blood infection (sepsis) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5984323/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, many large studies have found that supplementation with omega-3s does not affect lung function, including in those with asthma, COPD, and ARDS [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979330/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31880179"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538316/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29617210"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31070712"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil can reduce MAPK-related lung inflammation. They may improve lung function and improve ARDS outcomes, but the evidence is conflicting.</span></p> <h4><strong>Andrographis</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Andrographolide, an active ingredient in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-12-scientific-benefits-of-andrographis-paniculata-including-dosage-safety-and-side-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">andrographis</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, may help with different inflammatory conditions by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-kB pathways. Among 20 tested extracts, andrographis showed the greatest reduction in IL-1b, IL-1a, and IL-6&nbsp; [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31545974"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476883/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799081"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Andrographis extracts reduced symptoms such as cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and headache in people with mild respiratory infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081985"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14750201"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487322"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092985"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a meta-analysis of 33 trials and over 7,000 people, andrographis can help reduce the severity and duration of respiratory infections. There are also promising studies looking into the effects of andrographis in people with pneumonia [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442483/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice with flu and pneumonia, andrographis improved survival and inflammation when added to conventional drugs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28889969"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31220744"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Andrographis can suppress inflammation via MAPK and reduce the severity and duration of respiratory infections.</span></p> <h4><strong>Colostrum</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/colostrum/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Colostrum</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> supplements may lessen the effects of your MAP3K1 variant by inhibiting TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-8. In human tissues, complex sugars from colostrum can prevent pathogens from spiking these cytokines and causing excessive inflammation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014336"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6107273/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183735/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some experts call colostrum the baby&rsquo;s natural vaccination. Interestingly enough, two studies with 285 people suggest that colostrum may be a superior means of flu prevention compared to a vaccine [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456621"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183886"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In one clinical trial of 174 people, fewer people reported upper respiratory tract infection symptoms while taking colostrum protein, compared to whey protein [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923655"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, another trial of 148 people found colostrum tablets ineffective for sore throat [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15608761"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In five clinical trials of 152 athletes or physically active people, supplementation with colostrum during periods of intense exercise reduced the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601740"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200515"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727914"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676703/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095643"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As expected, this benefit might be even more important in children. In a study of 605 children with either respiratory illness or diarrhea, colostrum decreased the number of respiratory episodes by over 90% after 12 weeks. In 160 children, colostrum achieved similar benefits in just four weeks [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877852"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402550/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Colostrum supplements may inhibit inflammation by targeting MAPK-associated cytokines. They stimulate the immune response and may help with different respiratory infections.</span></p> <h4><strong>Probiotics</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A mouse study found that a </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/a1probiotics-good-bacteria/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">probiotic</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> containing various </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lactobacillus </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">strains (</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-reuteri/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">L. reuteri</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-rhamnosus/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">L. rhamnosus</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-acidophilus/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">L. acidophilus</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-casei/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">L. casei</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-gasseri/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">L. gasseri</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bifidobacterium</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> strains (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">B. thermophilus, </span></em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/b-longum/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">B. longum</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and B. adolescentis</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) may lower the expression of MAP3K1 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372341/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Probiotic supplements including different species of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lactobacillus</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bifidobacterium </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">reduced the incidence and duration of respiratory tract infections in multiple studies on both adults and children [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26821116"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30954261"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/28848330/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5290054/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112326/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926507"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979858/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430686"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351422/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6597592/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537784/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Probiotics have been suggested to work by correcting imbalances in the </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-your-gut-microbiota-can-make-you-fat-or-thin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gut microbiota</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that cause an impaired immune system [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6597592/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Probiotic supplements may decrease MAP3K1 expression while also potentially reducing the incidence and duration of respiratory tract infections.</span></p>
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