179 | id == 179
179 | category_id == 16
179 | category_order == 13
179 | category_name == Gut Health
179 | category_color == #C47AC0
179 | slug == IL18R-Gut-Inflammation
179 | title == Can this Inflammatory Cytokine Cause Celiac Disease? (IL18R1, IL18RAP)
179 | meta_description == The IL-18 receptor helps fight off infections but may cause autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease. Learn where your varia
179 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The two components of the IL-18 receptor are encoded by the IL18R1 and IL18RAP genes. This receptor activates inflammatory pathways in response to IL-18 to fight off infections. Unfortunately, it can also contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease. Read on to learn if your variants are associated with this condition.</strong></p>
179 | overall_score_text == Celiac Disease Score (based on IL18R1 and IL18RAP genes)
179 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/IL18R1--Gut-Inflammation-Celiac---all-chips.jpg
179 | author_id == 12
179 | author_name == Carlos Tello
179 | author_title == PhD
179 | author_order == 55
179 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/CarlosTello.webp
179 | author_intro == <p><strong>Carlos received his PhD and MS from the Universidad de Sevilla.</strong></p>    <p>Carlos spent 9 years in the laboratory investigating mineral transport in plants. He then started working as a freelancer, mainly in science writing, editing, and consulting. Carlos is passionate about learning the mechanisms behind biological processes and communicating science to both academic and non-academic audiences. He strongly believes that scientific literacy is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid falling for scams.</p>
179 | author_social_media_name == linkedin
179 | author_social_media_icon == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/social-icon/linkedin.png
179 | author_social_order == 1
179 | author_social_link == https://www.linkedin.com/in/carlos-tello-lacal-b946b4a7/
179 | reviewer == None
179 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
179 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
179 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
179 | publish_date == 2020
179 | publish_date == 5
179 | publish_date == 11
179 | avg_rating == 5.0
179 | tags_id == 213
179 | tags_name == Celiac Disease
179 | tags_id == 194
179 | tags_name == Gut Health
179 | tags_id == 308
179 | tags_name == Gut Inflammation
179 | permissions_favorite == False
179 | permissions_rate == False
179 | content_article == <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you suspect you may have celiac disease, seek medical help immediately. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. In addition, any single genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non-genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2><strong>What Is the IL-18 Receptor ?</strong></h2> <p><a href="../article/il18-ards-135"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-18 </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">is a cytokine whose main role is to activate inflammatory pathways that help fight off infections. Unfortunately, its improper regulation has been associated with allergies and inflammatory conditions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3792554/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892891"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10673399/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The IL-18 receptor is a protein that activates different pathways in response to IL-18. This receptor comprises two parts, each one encoded by a different gene:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../gene/il18r1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1 gene</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, short for &lsquo;</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interleukin 18 Receptor 1</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">&rsquo; codes for the component that directly binds to IL-18 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792649"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../gene/il18rap/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18RAP gene</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">(</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein&rsquo;</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) encodes the part of the receptor that transmits the IL-18 signal to its target proteins [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843532"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both genes are located within a small region of the same chromosome. They are expressed in </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th1-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells, B cells, and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/intro-natural-killer-cells-increase-decrease/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">natural killer cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and their production is stimulated in response to </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/interferon-gamma-how-to-increase-decrease-high-low-levels/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IFN-&gamma;</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/IL12a/?utm_source=seo&amp;#38;utm_medium=selfhacked&amp;#38;utm_campaign=id00002"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-12</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146459/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10925275"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759857/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>IL18 and Celiac Disease</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered in response to gluten, a protein found in grains such as wheat, barley, and rye. The immune cells recognize gluten as a threat and mount an aggressive inflammatory response that damages the small intestine and causes digestive issues and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/nutrient-deficiencies/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">nutrient deficiencies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> due to poor absorption [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437500/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">More specifically, the activation of CD4+ T cells by gluten causes their development into Th1 cells and the release of inflammatory cytokines such as </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/interferon-gamma-how-to-increase-decrease-high-low-levels/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IFN-&gamma;</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/il21/?utm_source=seo&amp;#38;utm_medium=selfhacked&amp;#38;utm_campaign=id00002"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-21</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481430/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988122/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382937/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571486/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Active IL-18 and both components of its receptor are produced in the intestinal lining of patients with celiac disease, but not of healthy people. IL-18 levels also drop when celiac patients go gluten-free, suggesting its involvement in the development of the disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773110/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663140"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-18 and other components of the same pathway may make the gut lining leaky to substances capable of causing intolerance, including gluten. Additionally, this cytokine seems to stimulate the development of Th1 cells and the release of IFN-&gamma; in the gut [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782890/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773110/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18RAP </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">code for the two components of the IL-18 receptor. IL-18 activity is involved in the development and progression of celiac disease.</span></span></p> <h2><strong>IL18 Receptor Variants and Celiac Disease</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two polymorphisms at the IL-18 receptor genes have been most widely studied: </span><a href="../../snp/rs13015714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs13015714</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> at </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">and </span><a href="../../snp/rs917997/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs917997</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> at </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18RAP</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a large study of almost 425,000 newborns from Europe and the US followed up for 15 years, the risk of eventually developing celiac disease was higher among carriers of the &lsquo;G&rsquo; variant at rs13015714 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In turn, the minor &lsquo;T&rsquo; variant at the rs917997 polymorphism was first associated with celiac disease in a study of over 2,000 people from the UK. The study was extended by including almost 3,000 more samples from the Netherlands and Ireland, and the association was only replicated in the Dutch population [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673512/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similarly, a Dutch study on almost 4,000 people associated this variant with celiac disease (but not with rheumatoid arthritis) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648290"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although some studies from Spain and Italy found little or no association between the &lsquo;T&rsquo; variant and celiac disease, a meta-analysis concluded that the allele is linked to this condition at least in some European populations [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542083"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805825"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132737/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289103"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A few studies have investigated both polymorphisms simultaneously.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, a study on over 3,000 people associated the minor variants at both rs13015714 and rs917997 with celiac disease in a Hungarian population and, more weakly, in Finnish and Italians. The association was strongest if both variants were inherited together [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19103669"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A Spanish study on over 1,500 people also associated both variants with celiac disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490378"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, a Swedish-Norwegian study on 325 families with celiac disease couldn&rsquo;t link any of these variants to the condition [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693089"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly, these polymorphisms have also been associated with other digestive conditions such as </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/ibd-ulcerative-colitis-crohn-genetics-lifestyle-stress-infections/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IBD</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and esophageal and stomach cancer [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3636262/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734065/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22664470"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358252"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>How May These Variants Interact with Celiac Disease?</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The rs13015714 polymorphism of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is located in a region of the gene that is removed during the process of producing the protein (an </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">intron</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">). Little is known about the effects of its minor &lsquo;G&rsquo; variant on IL18R1 activity and one study found that it didn&rsquo;t modify the expression of the gene [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490378"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the case of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18RAP</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the minor &lsquo;T&rsquo; variant of rs917997 is associated with a reduced expression of the gene and the production of not only the conventional form of the protein but also an alternative version [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673512/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Due to its more evident effect on the activity of the gene, some scientists believe that rs917997 plays the main role in celiac disease. Interestingly, a study found that the minor variant of rs917997 also reduces the expression of other genes located within the same region, including </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146459/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nevertheless, it seems counterintuitive that a polymorphism presumably impairing IL-18 signaling </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">worsens </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">an autoimmune condition such as celiac disease. Some preliminary, yet unproven attempts to explain the potential mechanisms of this variant include:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The alternative version of the IL18RAP protein could interact with other proteins and contribute to the onset and worsening of celiac disease through them [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19103669"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The biology of celiac disease is not fully understood and some mutations reducing the inflammatory response could worsen this condition, as has been shown for Crohn&rsquo;s disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673512/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Reduced IL-18 activity could shift the composition of the </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-your-gut-microbiota-can-make-you-fat-or-thin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gut microbiota</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to one that contributes to the disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146459/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">One variant of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18R1 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">and one of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL18RAP </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">have been associated with celiac disease in several European populations. Further research is needed to determine how they contribute to this condition.</span></span></p> <h2><strong>Your <em>IL18R1 </em>and <em>IL18RAP </em>Results for Celiac Disease</strong></h2> <p>*1805799893116289*</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><strong>SNP Summary and Table</strong></h3> <p><strong>Primary SNP: </strong><strong><em>IL18RAP </em></strong><strong>rs917997</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Not associated with celiac disease.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Increased risk of celiac disease.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Other Important SNPs:&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong><em>IL18R1 </em></strong><strong>rs13015714</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Not associated wtih celiac disease.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Increased risk of celiac disease.</span></li> </ul> <h3><strong>Population Frequency</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;C&rsquo; allele of rs917997 and the &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele of rs13015714 are the most common ones and approximately 87% of the world population carries at least one copy in each case. The genotype distributions are very similar in the global population and in people of European ancestry.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the minor alleles at both polymorphisms are even less common in African descendants, they are not so rare in people with American and Asian backgrounds.</span></p> <p>*3543373023967013*</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><strong>Strategies that May Improve Your Celiac Disease</strong></h2> <p>*3542827489408828*</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may try the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Discuss the strategies listed here with your doctor. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.</span></em></p> <h3><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Gluten-free Diet</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The only effective treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which allows the management of the symptoms in most cases. Gluten is found in the following grains and their products [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6267495/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Wheat</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rye</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Spelt</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Barley</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Triticale</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-18 is among the cytokines proven to sustain inflammation in people with celiac disease. In these people, its levels increase in response to gluten intake and drop after going gluten-free [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810422/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667914"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663140"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><strong>Avoiding Lectin/Other Potential Irritants</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dietary lectins may worsen inflammation in people sensitive to them. For example, lectins contributed to autoimmunity in one study with rheumatoid arthritis patients [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1115436/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884708"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Preliminary research suggests that avoiding lectins may reduce the symptoms of autoimmune conditions in sensitive individuals [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599185"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Still, more research is needed to clarify the possible connection between lectins and celiac disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gut damage and inflammation in celiac disease may cause temporary lactose intolerance. Such patients may need to avoid dairy until their gut lining recovers [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15775678"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Elimination diets such as the </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/elimination-diet-safest-foods-people-sensitive-everything/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lectin Avoidance Diet</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may help identify and remove common food irritants &mdash; such as </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lectins-beneficial-harmful/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">lectins</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, gluten, and dairy &mdash; that may be worsening autoimmunity in sensitive individuals [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884708"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599185"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5647120/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><strong>Increasing Zinc Intake</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Patients with undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease often lack </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/literally-everything-wanted-know-zinc-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">zinc </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">and other nutrients due to impaired absorption [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195595"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, a gluten-free diet also bears a risk of zinc deficiency. In an extensive review of 73 studies, 40% of people on this diet had zinc deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681258/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly, zinc deficiency has been associated with increased production of IL-18 and other inflammatory cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31062629"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19582378"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The best food sources of zinc include meat, seafood (especially oysters), and seeds [</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The most effective way to treat celiac disease is to go gluten-free. Other potential irritants such as lectins and lactose may worsen autoimmunity in some people. Because celiac disease may cause zinc deficiency, it&rsquo;s important to include food sources of this nutrient in the diet.</span></p> <h3><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Moderate Sun Exposure</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moderate </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sun exposure</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the best way to get natural </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">UV</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> light and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/35proven-health-benefits-vitamin-d-part-1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin D</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which both help suppress inflammation. Because vitamin D inhibits the development of Th1 cells, it may be beneficial in the specific case of celiac disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6566188/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635942"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30300262"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin D deficiency and subsequent bone issues are common in celiac disease patients, so it&rsquo;s crucial to get enough of this nutrient [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640651/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210250"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">People with celiac disease may have vitamin D deficiency. A moderate exposure to </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">sunlight is a good way to produce this vitamin and reduce inflammation.</span></span></p> <h3><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4><strong>Black Cumin</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/black-cumin-seed-nigella-sativa-top-scientific-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Black cumin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, also known as black seed, has well-known anti-inflammatory properties.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In one clinical trial, adding 900 mg of black seed oil daily to a gluten-free diet helped restore </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/iron-balance-blood-test-iron-deficiency-anemia-overload/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">iron</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> levels and reduce inflammation and gut damage. The same group of authors found that </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-28-scientific-benefits-of-the-panacea-black-cumin-seed-nigella-sativa/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">black cumin oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may help with dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin condition caused by celiac disease [</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Res+J+Pharm+Biol+Chem+Sci&amp;title=Immunomodulatory+effect+of+Nigella+sativa+oil+treatment+in+iron+deficiency+anemia+caused+by+refractory+coeliac+disease&amp;author=MT+Osman&amp;author=BI+Taha&amp;author=G+Al-Duboni&amp;author=LA+Muhamed&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;pages=887-95&amp;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5633670/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Preliminary research in animals and cells suggests that black cumin may reduce </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-foods-exercise-right-type-th1-vs-th2-dominance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1 dominance</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which is associated with celiac disease. In a cell-based study, its active compound thymoquinone prevented the release of IL18 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600757"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26117430"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583630"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Preliminary research suggests that black seed oil may help people with celiac disease reduce gut inflammation and damage, and restore nutrient deficiencies.</span></p>
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179 | content_learn_more_1805799893116289_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your IL18 receptor gene variants are somehow associated with an increased risk of celiac disease. However, this doesn’t necessarily reflect your potential risk of this condition — just two genes related to it. A healthy diet and lifestyle may help. Keep reading to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs13015714,rs917997
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rsStatus = rs917997,,chr2,102454108,T,A,C,G,29,0,Normal
