197 | id == 197
197 | category_id == 18
197 | category_order == 15
197 | category_name == Weight
197 | category_color == #C47AC0
197 | slug == CADM2-obesity
197 | title == The Link Between Obesity and Mental Health (CADM2)
197 | meta_description == CADM2 encodes a protein that bridges psychological and metabolic health. Click to learn about its link with obesity.
197 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The <em>CADM2</em>&nbsp;gene encodes a protein that enables neural communication and bridges psychological and metabolic health. Variants in this gene are associated with body mass index and obesity rates &mdash; read on to learn the details.</strong></p>
197 | overall_score_text == Your Obesity Score (Based on CADM2 Gene)
197 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/CADM2--Weight.jpg
197 | author_id == 9
197 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
197 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
197 | author_order == 45
197 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
197 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
197 | reviewer == None
197 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
197 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
197 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
197 | publish_date == 2020
197 | publish_date == 6
197 | publish_date == 1
197 | avg_rating == 5.0
197 | tags_id == 186
197 | tags_name == BMI
197 | tags_id == 458
197 | tags_name == CADM2 gene
197 | tags_id == 303
197 | tags_name == Cold exposure
197 | tags_id == 305
197 | tags_name == Fat burning
197 | tags_id == 301
197 | tags_name == Keto diet
197 | tags_id == 456
197 | tags_name == Leptin
197 | tags_id == 315
197 | tags_name == Low-carb diet
197 | tags_id == 140
197 | tags_name == Metabolism
197 | tags_id == 224
197 | tags_name == Nervous System
197 | tags_id == 165
197 | tags_name == Obesity
197 | tags_id == 50
197 | tags_name == Stress
197 | permissions_favorite == False
197 | permissions_rate == False
197 | content_article == <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you are struggling to maintain a healthy weight, seek medical help. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. Any single genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non-genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at an increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What Is <em>CADM2</em>?</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../gene/cadm2/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CADM2</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SynCAM2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) gene encodes a protein called <em>synaptic cell adhesion molecule 2</em> (Cadm2). As its name suggests, this protein enables the <em>adhesion</em> (binding) of nerve cells to each other, which is what enables them to communicate with each other via neural synapses [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/253559"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Researchers have mostly studied the roles and expression of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CADM2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">in the brain, where it drives neural communication and development. Variants in this gene correlate with different aspects of mental health and behavior [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29391395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recent findings point to the crucial roles of Cadm2 in metabolism and energy expenditure. It's one of the potential links between weight control and psychological well-being, which makes it a promising candidate for future research [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517397/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The <em>CADM2</em> gene encodes a protein that enables neural communication. It&rsquo;s one of the factors that connect metabolism, weight control, and mental health.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Metabolic Roles</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In animal experiments, scientists were able to learn more about the impact of the <em>CADM2</em> gene on obesity and metabolism.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">They observed increased expression of this gene in the brains of obese mice. Once they removed Cadm2, obese mice started losing weight, and their </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin sensitivity</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> improved. Cadm2-deficient mice were more active, spent more energy, and had higher body temperature [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28628102/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mice injected with </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/all-about-leptin-its-role-in-chronic-inflammation-cfs-and-weight/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">leptin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> showed similar features as Cadm2-deficient mice, suggesting that excess CADM2 expression may contribute to </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/the-root-causes-of-leptin-resistance-and-12-ways-to-reverse-it/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">leptin resistance</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985021/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/253559"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The lack of this protein seems to improve leptin sensitivity and stimulate heat generation in the brown fat tissue, known for beneficial metabolic effects [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6673342/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5081406/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Excess levels of Cadm2 may impair metabolism and energy expenditure by causing leptin resistance and lowering the activity of the brown fat tissue.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Link Between<em> CADM2</em> Variants and Obesity</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a huge meta-analysis of over 237K participants, one SNP in the <em>CADM2</em> gene showed a link with body mass index (BMI). People with the rare &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele at </span><a href="../../snp/rs13078807/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs13078807</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; had higher BMIs [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014648/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another review included over 34,600 subjects observed 12% higher obesity rates among the &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele carriers [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174168/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">One more <em>CADM2</em> SNP, </span><a href="../../snp/rs13078960/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs13078960</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, was associated with BMI in a comprehensive meta-analysis of nearly 340K subjects. Once again, people with the &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele had higher BMIs, but the effect was less significant [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382211/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Important notes:</strong></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">All studies included only participants of European ancestry, and the results might not translate to other populations.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The two mentioned SNPs are always inherited together in European descendants, which means they act as a single genetic factor.</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Two <em>CADM2</em> variants, rs13078807-G and rs13078960-G, mark one genetic factor associated with higher BMI and obesity rates among European descendants.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>How It Works</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>CADM2</em> over-expression may contribute to weight gain by causing leptin resistance and lowering the activity of the brown fat tissue [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985021/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/253559"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6673342/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both discussed variants correlate with increased gene expression in the human brain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985021/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533218/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">One study observed a region of SNPs in five different genes associated with BMI, including rs13078960. They all increased gene expression in the areas of the brain related to food reward and addiction [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7002163/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>CADM2</em> variants also correlate with risk-taking behavior. Some authors speculate that such behavior also causes people to disregard health-related advice and makes them more prone to binge eating [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29391395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">An analysis of over 500K participants confirmed that</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &ldquo;CADM2 represents a biological link between metabolic and psychological disorders&rdquo;</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517397/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em>CADM2</em> variants increase gene expression in the brain and thus impair metabolism and weight control. This gene is one of the factors that connect metabolic and mental disorders.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Your <em>CADM2</em> Results for Obesity</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*5083451785117954*</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SNP Summary</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Primary SNPs:&nbsp;</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CADM2</em></strong> <a href="../../snp/rs13078807/"><strong>rs13078807</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = not associated with obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = associated with higher obesity rates</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CADM2</em></strong> <a href="../../snp/rs13078960/"><strong>rs13078960</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = not associated with obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = associated with higher obesity rates</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population Frequency</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">: In European populations, these two variants are always inherited together; around 37% of people carry at least one copy of the &ldquo;G&rdquo; alleles. They are much less common in other populations, ranging from 23% in Native Americans to 0.2% in East Asians.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">*5319178796109671*</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Recommendations to Improve Weight Control</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may try the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Discuss the strategies listed here with your doctor. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">*6129288314186498*</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Stress Reduction</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">As mentioned, excess <em>CADM2</em> expression represents a link between obesity and psychological disorders.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/63-factors-raising-stress-cortisol-level-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is a well-known obesity contributing factor. It increases </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cortisol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and dynorphin, both of which cause weight gain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819644/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373497/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123563/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, stress makes the brain resistant to </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-serotonin"><span style="font-weight: 400;">serotonin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/dopamine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">dopamine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which may increase appetite and block the rewarding effects of food. This effect can be particularly detrimental to people with CADM2 variants, linked with impairments in the reward system [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14993070"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255482311700200"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/10/15/31146.aspx"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Avoid or minimize stress to reduce the impact of your CADM2 variants and improve weight control.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cold Exposure</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Excess Cadm2 may impair metabolism and energy expenditure by lowering the activity of the brown fat tissue [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6673342/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5081406/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/12-reasons-embrace-cold/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cold exposure</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may counteract this by stimulating the brown fat tissue. It also boosts </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/adiponectin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">adiponectin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a protein that increases fat burning and prevents obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466122/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936205"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303978"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cold exposure increases metabolism and energy expenditure as the body has to adapt and produce more heat. In a clinical trial of 50 healthy men, those exposed to a cold environment overnight had a 10% increase in metabolism after one month [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207391/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cold showers are the easiest way to practice acute cold exposure year-long, regardless of your climate conditions.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Cold exposure may counteract your variants by activating the brown fat tissue and boosting energy expenditure. Practice it by taking cold showers.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Low-Carb Diets</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study on mice, a </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/ketogenic-diet-ketosis-health-benefits-physiology-genetics/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ketogenic diet</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reduced <em>CADM2</em> expression in the brain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985021/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/insulin-101/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Insulin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is one of the big four "fattening hormones." Carbs with a high glycemic index can cause insulin spikes and insulin resistance, ultimately increasing your risk of obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167471"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A meta-analysis of 13 studies and over 1,500 people concluded that low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets are more effective than low-fat diets for </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/a-comprehensive-list-of-effective-ways-to-lose-weight/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">weight loss</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17228046"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651522"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Low-carb diets such as the keto diet may reduce <em>CADM2</em> expression in the brain and support weight loss. Practice them correctly to avoid nutritional deficiencies.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Berberine</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/19-health-benefits-of-berberine-with-references/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Berberine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> supplementation reduced BMI and </span><strong>enhanced leptin sensitivity</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in 37 patients with metabolic syndrome, making it a valuable choice for people with over-active Cadm2 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739410"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In another study, it caused an average weight loss of 5 lbs (2,3 kg) and lowered blood lipids [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310165/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a 2020 review of human and animal studies, berberine might contribute to weight loss by improving </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-your-gut-microbiota-can-make-you-fat-or-thin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gut microbiota</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and metabolism [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353823/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Berberine might support weight loss in people with <em>CADM2</em> variants, due to its effects on metabolism and leptin sensitivity. Further research is warranted.</span></p>
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197 | content_learn_more_5319178796109671_text == Based on the variant we looked at, your CADM2 gene is slightly associated with obesity. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of obesity, just one gene related to it. Consider practicing a low-carb diet, try to reduce stress, and follow other gene-based tips to improve weight control. Read on to learn more.
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rsIDs = rs13078807,rs13078960
rsStatus = rs13078807,CADM2,chr3,85835000,A,G,,,18,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs13078960,CADM2,chr3,85758440,T,G,,,24,0,Normal
