20 | id == 20
20 | category_id == 5
20 | category_order == 3
20 | category_name == Inflammation
20 | category_color == #C47AC0
20 | slug == autoimmmune-inflammation-PTPN22
20 | title == Is This Gene Causing Your Autoimmune Problems? (PTPN22)
20 | meta_description == PTPN22 causes many to autoimmune and inflammatory problems. Are you at risk? Read on to get your personalized recommendations.
20 | summary == <p><strong>Scientists have identified a major genetic factor that contributes to 14 different autoimmune conditions. Check if you&rsquo;re at risk, and get personalized recommendations.</strong></p>
20 | overall_score_text == Autoimmunity Score (Based on PTPN22 Gene)
20 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/Is-This-Gene-Causing-Your-Autoimmune-Problems-PTPN22_JPG.jpg
20 | author_id == 2
20 | author_name == Joe Cohen
20 | author_title == BS
20 | author_order == 2
20 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Joe.jpg
20 | author_intro == <p><strong>Joe Cohen won the genetic lottery of bad genes. As a kid, he suffered from inflammation, brain fog, fatigue, digestive problems, anxiety, depression, and other issues that were poorly understood in both conventional and alternative medicine.</strong></p>    <p>Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a journey of self-experimentation and self-learning to improve his health--something that has since become known as &ldquo;biohacking&rdquo;. With thousands of experiments and pubmed articles under his belt, Joe founded SelfHacked, the resource that was missing when he needed it. SelfHacked now gets millions of monthly readers. Joe is a thriving entrepreneur, author and speaker. He is the CEO of SelfHacked, SelfDecode and LabTestAnalyzer. His mission is to help people gain access to the most up-to-date, unbiased, and science-based ways to optimize their health.</p>
20 | reviewer_id == 1
20 | reviewer_name == Jasmine Foster
20 | reviewer_title == BSc, BEd
20 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
20 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
20 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
20 | publish_date == 2019
20 | publish_date == 8
20 | publish_date == 27
20 | avg_rating == 5.0
20 | tags_id == 89
20 | tags_name == Addison's Disease
20 | tags_id == 88
20 | tags_name == Alopecia Areata
20 | tags_id == 33
20 | tags_name == Autoimmunity
20 | tags_id == 81
20 | tags_name == Diabetes Type 1
20 | tags_id == 90
20 | tags_name == Drug-Induced Liver Injury
20 | tags_id == 83
20 | tags_name == Grave's Disease
20 | tags_id == 48
20 | tags_name == Hashimoto's
20 | tags_id == 43
20 | tags_name == Hypothyroidism
20 | tags_id == 24
20 | tags_name == Inflammation
20 | tags_id == 84
20 | tags_name == Lupus
20 | tags_id == 87
20 | tags_name == Myasthenia Gravis
20 | tags_id == 85
20 | tags_name == Psoriasis
20 | tags_id == 47
20 | tags_name == PTPN22 Gene
20 | tags_id == 80
20 | tags_name == Response to Infections
20 | tags_id == 82
20 | tags_name == Rheumatoid Arthritis
20 | tags_id == 41
20 | tags_name == Thyroid
20 | tags_id == 86
20 | tags_name == Vitiligo
20 | permissions_favorite == False
20 | permissions_rate == False
20 | content_article == <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22 is one of the strongest genetic traits associated with autoimmune disease outside of the HLA genes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240618/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">The PTPN22 Gene: How It Leads to Autoimmunity</span></h2> <p><a href="../../gene/ptpn22/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is a protein that regulates the development and function of T cells, B cells, and other immune system components [</span><a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PTPN22"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22 can boost the immune system, suppress inflammation, and fight viral and bacterial infections. Often, boosting the immune system and combating inflammation are contradictory, which makes PTPN22 very interesting and complex [</span><a href="https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(13)00280-X"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is an ongoing debate in the scientific literature as to whether the main variant (</span><a href="../../snp/rs2476601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2476601</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-A) increases or decreases PTPN22 function, and which one is better for autoimmunity. Studies have observed both effects in different conditions [</span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/7/2977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31179-x"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240618/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, most studies agree about the downstream consequences of PTPN22 variations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">PTPN22 helps prevent excessive inflammation and fight infections. Risk variants of this gene can contribute to various autoimmune disorders, but scientists are still bickering about the exact mechanism.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mechanisms by Which PTPN22 Causes Inflammation</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">1) Infections seem to play a large role in the risk from this gene.</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It could be that people with the risk variant [</span><a href="https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(13)00280-X"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Are more likely to get infections</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Don't clear infections promptly or effectively&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Have more inflammation after getting an infection</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One study from 2013 mentions an "intriguing possibility" that enhanced susceptibility to disease in people who carry the risk variant could result from defective type 1 interferon responses, which makes people more susceptible to both viral and bacterial infections [</span><a href="https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(13)00280-X"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By the same token, people with the risk variant had a decreased immune response to the flu vaccine and likely decreased protection from the vaccine [</span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/214/2/248/2911929"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22 increases the production of </span><a href="../../gene/IFNB1/?utm_source=seo&amp;#38;utm_medium=selfhacked&amp;#38;utm_campaign=id00002"><span style="font-weight: 400;">interferon-beta</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> following infection; according to one study, this may lead to "T-cell exhaustion" and chronic viral infection [</span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/113/46/E7231"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">2) There's an imbalance in the T cells and T Helper system (Th cells).</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">St</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">udies have demonstrated a decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/il-10/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-10</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and an increase in </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th1-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells in subjects with autoimmune disease carrying the PTPN22 variant. In engineered human T cells mimicking the variation, there was </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">an increased </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-foods-exercise-right-type-th1-vs-th2-dominance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1 response</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; [</span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/7/2977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31179-x"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240618/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There's evidence that </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/th17/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th17</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells and related cytokines are elevated, and</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/treg/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">regulatory T cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (Tregs) are not working as well [</span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/18/3/569/2527125"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/197/2/429"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/7/2977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22 variants also seem to increase activated T cells, including effector and memory T cells, which can cause inflammation and autoimmunity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671365/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240618/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">3) There's a malfunction in the B cell/antibody system.</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Researchers found a rise in self-attacking B cells in healthy carriers of the PTPN22 risk variant. The variant may directly contribute to the development of autoimmunity through its impact on B cell development [</span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/7/2977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The PTPN22 risk variant (rs2476601-A) contributes to autoimmunity by:<br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;- Being less capable of fighting infections<br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;- Increasing T cell, Th1 and Th17 activity<br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;- Suppressing regulatory T cells (Tregs)<br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;- Activating B cells and self-attacking B cells</span></span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Power of Tregs</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regulatory T cells or </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/treg/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tregs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> produce interleukin</span> <a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/il-10/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-10</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, both of which inhibit inflammation and uncontrolled immune response [</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704106/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They suppress the over-activated </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th1-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th2-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th2</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/th17/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th17</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells and their cytokines, thus preventing your immune cells from attacking your tissue [</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20148422"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276397/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/7/2977"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/18/3/569/2527125"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22 &amp; Autoimmune Conditions</span></h2> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hashimoto&rsquo;s</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a study conducted on almost 40,000 people, two PTPN22 variations&mdash;</span><a href="../../snp/rs2476601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2476601</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (R620W, C1858T, Arg620Trp) and </span><a href="../../snp/rs6679677/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs6679677</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&mdash;are crucial genetic contributors to autoimmune-based </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/low-thyroid-hormones-low-t3-syndrome/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">hypothyroidism</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321023/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Carriers of minor &ldquo;A&rdquo; alleles on one of these variations have a 36% higher odds of hypothyroidism, compared with people who carry major alleles (G and C, respectively).</span></p> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/hashimotos/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hashimoto&rsquo;s disease</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the leading cause of low </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/thyroid-hormones-t4t3/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">thyroid hormones</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in the west [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459262/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other Autoimmune Conditions</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Besides autoimmune hypothyroidism, the conditions associated with risk variant (</span><a href="../../snp/rs2476601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2476601</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-A) include but are not limited to [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875134/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375551/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(19)30094-0/fulltext"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810493/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2970764/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279993/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21287672"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (a chronic joint disorder in children)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Type 1 diabetes</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lupus</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Grave&rsquo;s disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitiligo</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Myasthenia Gravis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Drug-induced liver injury&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alopecia Areata</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Addison's Disease</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Immune thrombocytopenia</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other PTPN22 variants associated with autoimmune diseases include:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="../../snp/rs6679677/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs6679677</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-A&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="../../snp/rs2488457/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2488457</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-G (mostly rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="../../snp/rs33996649/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs33996649</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-C (mostly rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis)</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Autoimmune diseases of the skin, gut, brain and eyes overall showed a less significant association with PTPN22 [</span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/gene201246.pdf?origin=ppub"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the case of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/ibd-ulcerative-colitis-crohn-genetics-lifestyle-stress-infections/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Crohn's disease</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the risk allele (rs2476601-A) for other autoimmune conditions actually showed a protective effect (around 16% lower odds) [</span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/gene201246.pdf?origin=ppub"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/gene201246.pdf?origin=ppub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/m685/nature-assets/gene/journal/v13/n8/images/gene201246f4.jpg" alt="" /></span></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Risk variants of PTPN22 increase the risk of 14+ autoimmune conditions. It doesn't seem to negatively affect autoimmune conditions related to the skin, gut, eyes or brain as much.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Your PTPN22 Results for Autoimmune Problems</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*7237831515141955*</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">SNP Summary</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The two main SNPs&mdash;rs2476601 and rs6679677&mdash;are almost always inherited together. The &ldquo;A&rdquo; risk alleles are somewhat rare, appearing in only about 5% of global population. They are much more common in people of European descent, clocking in at 18% of all people [</span><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:8762185-8763185;v=rs2476601;vdb=variation;vf=502061947"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:8762185-8763185;v=rs6679677;vdb=variation;vf=502219085"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><strong>Primary SNPs</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">:&nbsp;</span></p> <p><a href="../../gene/ptpn22/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22</span></a> <a href="../../snp/rs2476601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2476601</span></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;A&rdquo; allele increases your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;G&rdquo; allele doesn&rsquo;t increase the risk</span></li> </ul> <p><a href="../../gene/ptpn22/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22</span></a> <a href="../../snp/rs6679677/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs6679677</span></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;A&rdquo; allele increases your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;C&rdquo; allele doesn&rsquo;t increase the risk</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Other important SNPs:</strong></p> <p><a href="../../gene/ptpn22/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22</span></a> <a href="../../snp/rs2488457/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2488457</span></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;G&rdquo; allele increases your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;C&rdquo; allele lowers your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The highest-risk genotype (GG) on rs2488457 is much more common in East Asian than in European descendants: 36% vs. 5.5%. At the same time, this variant has a bigger impact on Asian people.</span></p> <p><a href="../../gene/ptpn22/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTPN22</span></a> <a href="../../snp/rs33996649/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs33996649</span></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;T&rdquo; allele lowers your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&ldquo;C&rdquo; allele increases your risk of autoimmune problems</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The risk allele (C) on rs33996649 is present in 95% of European descendants and almost 100% of other populations, so you shouldn&rsquo;t worry too much about it.</span></p> <p>*9692240547306972*</p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recommendations to Counteract PTPN22 Associated Autoimmune Issues</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you suffer from the symptoms of autoimmunity, the strategies below could help you feel better. Talk to your doctor about these recommendations to see if they're right for you.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*2807458881525833*</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diet</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Avoiding </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/cutting-edge-insights-into-the-harmful-effects-of-gluten/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gluten</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, dairy, and other food irritants may prevent the shift to pro-inflammatory Th1 cells caused by defects in your PTPN22 gene and increase anti-inflammatory IL-10 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3533698/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11596669"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/elimination-diet-safest-foods-people-sensitive-everything/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lectin Avoidance Diet</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is a great way to identify and remove all food irritants that may be worsening your PTPN22-induced autoimmunity, and to determine which foods you tolerate well.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you have antibodies, you can follow this diet and check if the antibodies go down.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you are prone to chronic infections, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/garlic-health-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">garlic</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> counteracts the effect of your risk allele (A) by boosting TLR and IFN-alpha (part of interferon type 1) expression, which results in lower inflammation. [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246456"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17523869"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417560/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">You can lessen the inflammatory effects of your PTPN22 risk allele by trying a Lectin Avoidance Diet or other kinds of elimination diets.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lifestyle</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are multiple lines of evidence that show that </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/#15_Sun_Protects_Against_Autoimmunity"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sun exposure can help prevent or mitigate many autoimmune diseases</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sun exposure is probably the single best thing you can do if you have the PTPN22 variant.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/">UV light</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and vitamin D can boost your Tregs &amp; IL-10 and reduce Th1 &amp; Th17. Sensible sun exposure is your best natural way to combine the benefits of both [</span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054895"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/548086/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626364/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626364/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6047889/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371662/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8760564"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">UVB decreases effector and memory T cells, which are increased in PTPN22 variants [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276424/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671365/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since PTPN22 contributes to the development of antibodies and autoreactive B cells, it's important to increase regulatory B cells; UVB does just that [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29205369"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289166"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The UV light and vitamin D boost your regulatory T and B cells while suppressing Th1 &amp; Th17. Sensible sun exposure is your best natural way to combine their benefits and lessen the impact of your PTPN22 gene.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplements</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">CBD</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cannabinoids, such as CBD have promising effects for various autoimmune conditions based on animal models [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26876387"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6085417/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26772776"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31356922"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/cannabidiol-cbd/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cannabidiol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or CBD is a potent activator of regulatory T cells. By suppressing the Th1 immune response, it prevents excessive production of inflammatory cytokines such as </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/th17/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-17</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> while boosting anti-inflammatory IL-10 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327652/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5958190/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892791"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08916930500356674"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748879/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This effect makes CBD a powerful tool against different PTPN22-related autoimmune conditions.</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin</span></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/curcumin-cures-top-15-scientifically-proven-health-benefits-with-references/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, an active ingredient of turmeric, is effective for various autoimmune conditions. 14/16 clinical trials in osteoarthritis and 2/3 clinical trials in ulcerative colitis have found curcumin to be effective (the others had inconclusive results) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6566522/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin has the potential to reverse the negative impact of your PTPN22 risk variant on immune response. Once again, the key lies in boosting Tregs and anti-inflammatory IL-10, suppressing Th1 and Th17 activity, and inhibiting the activity of dendritic cells&nbsp; [</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839007"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799796"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500387"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571646/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6278270/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin also inhibits B cell activation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908300/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Myo-inositol</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pinitol, a compound structurally similar to inositol, is found in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/carob/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">carob</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It can directly suppress PTPN22, thus reducing the ability of risk variants to spike </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-lifestyle-factors-influence-tnf-interleukin-6-il-6/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">TNF-alpha</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and other inflammatory markers. As a result, pinitol may alleviate arthritis and other autoimmune conditions associated with this gene [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408901/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Carob also contains different types of inositol, which suppress inflammation in a similar way and support the function of regulatory T cells [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544771"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779868/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17917066"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, tiny amounts of pinitol and inositol in carob probably wouldn&rsquo;t make a meaningful difference and suppress PTPN22.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For more pronounced effects, you may want to take </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/myoinositol/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">myo-inositol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> supplements.</span></p> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/myoinositol/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Myo-inositol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, often studies with selenium, is particularly effective for autoimmune hypothyroidism [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30506520"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5331475/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329401626_The_protective_effect_of_myo-inositol_on_human_thyrocytes"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Inositol and pinitol from carob support Tregs and reduce autoimmune inflammation. For more pronounced effects, you may want to take myo-inositol supplements, which are particularly helpful for autoimmune hypothyroidism.</span></p>
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20 | content_learn_more_7237831515141955_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your PTPN22 gene slightly increases your risk of autoimmune conditions by allowing excessive inflammation and hindering an antimicrobial response. You should apply natural strategies to rebalance your immune system—keep reading for more details.
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rsIDs = rs2476601,rs6679677,rs2488457,rs33996649
rsStatus = rs2476601,PTPN22,chr1,113834946,A,G,T,,5,38,HET
rsStatus = rs6679677,PHTF1,chr1,113761186,C,A,T,,25,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs2488457,PTPN22,chr1,113872746,G,A,C,,33,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs33996649,PTPN22,chr1,113852067,C,T,,,34,0,Normal
