223 | id == 223
223 | category_id == 18
223 | category_order == 15
223 | category_name == Weight
223 | category_color == #C47AC0
223 | slug == weight-loss-TMEM18
223 | title == A Gene Directly Linked To Body Weight & Obesity (TMEM18)
223 | meta_description == TMEM18 has been linked to body weight and obesity. Do you TMEM18 variants put you at risk? Click here to find out.
223 | summary == <p><strong>TMEM18 variants have been consistently associated with body weight and a higher risk of obesity across the globe. How does TMEM18 affect body weight? And what are some of the lifestyle and dietary adjustments that help decrease the risk? Read on to find out.</strong></p>
223 | overall_score_text == Obesity Score (Based on TMEM18)
223 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/TMEM18--Weight.jpg
223 | author_id == 10
223 | author_name == Biljana Novkovic
223 | author_title == PhD
223 | author_order == 50
223 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Biljana.jpg
223 | author_intro == <p><strong>Biljana received her PhD in Ecological Genetics from Hokkaido University.</strong></p>    <p>Before joining SelfHacked, she was a research scientist with extensive field and laboratory experience. She spent 4 years reviewing the scientific literature on supplements, lab tests and other areas of health sciences. She is passionate about releasing the most accurate science &amp; health information available on topics, and she&#39;s meticulous when writing and reviewing articles to make sure the science is sound. She believes that SelfHacked has the best science that is also layperson-friendly on the web.</p>
223 | reviewer == None
223 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
223 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
223 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
223 | publish_date == 2020
223 | publish_date == 6
223 | publish_date == 20
223 | avg_rating == 5.0
223 | tags_id == 165
223 | tags_name == Obesity
223 | tags_id == 503
223 | tags_name == TMEM18 gene
223 | tags_id == 115
223 | tags_name == Weight Gain
223 | tags_id == 184
223 | tags_name == Weight Loss
223 | permissions_favorite == False
223 | permissions_rate == False
223 | content_article == <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is for informational purposes only. None of the information here should be taken as medical advice. If you are struggling to maintain a healthy weight, seek medical help. </span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that these results are based on association studies, which are correlative and aren&rsquo;t necessarily causative. Any single genetic variant will typically contribute only a small proportion to the overall risk of the condition, and non-genetic factors play a large role in developing a condition as well. Therefore, just because you have one of these genotypes does not necessarily mean you are at an increased risk of developing this condition!</span></em></p> <h2><strong>What is <em>TMEM18</em>?</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, short for </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">transmembrane protein 18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, is a gene whose exact role is still unknown. Over the past decade, however, there's been almost a multitude of studies that found a link between this gene and body weight and obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858727/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695662/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251754/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27005443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Now, we know that how much a person weighs depends on many different metabolic processes and pathways, including everything from appetite control to energy expenditure. That's why there are many different genes that have been associated with weight so far [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964872/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> seems to have a relatively large impact on body weight among all these genes In some studies it's second only to </span><a href="../../article/weight-loss-fto-65"><span style="font-weight: 400;">FTO</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">fat mass and obesity-associated gene</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963559/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736869/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21369819/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847941/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.237"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174168/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is a gene of unknown function that has been linked to body weight and obesity in a multitude of studies. Although body weight is influenced by over a 100 different genes, studies suggest </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is one of the genes with the largest impact on obesity.</span></span></p> <h2><strong><em>TMEM18 </em>Variants and Body Weight</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are 4 SNPs in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene that are often inherited together and that have all been linked to obesity in many different studies.</span></p> <h3><strong>rs6548238</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The 'C' allele in the rs6548238 SNP near the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene was first linked to BMI and obesity in 2009, in a meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies with over 91k people [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695662/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since then, the link has been confirmed in many different studies, large and small. These studies involved children, adolescents, and/or adults from all over the world -- from Japan, China and New Zealand, over Europe and Africa, to North and South America [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851340/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7106578/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25189249/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636007/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858727/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262189/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963559/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30311592/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27005443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5413409/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3759132/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738539/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6634012/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491859/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a German study with over 12k people, each copy of the 'T' allele was linked to a 14% lower chance of being obese (BMI &ge; 30 kg/m</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">2</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251754/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study with over 700 brazilian children, those with 'CC' genotypes had a higher BMI already at 3.5 years old [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27005443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It's important to stress here, however, that this SNP seems to have different impacts in different populations. For example, the 'C' allele of rs6548238 seems to have a smaller impact on obesity in Africans compared to Europeans [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491859/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>Rs2867125</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The 'C' allele of rs2867125 has been linked to higher BMI in Europe, Korea, Japan, Singapore (including Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicities) and US (including Whites, African-Americans, and Pima Indians) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652032/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.177"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306054/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736869/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174168/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22041983/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851340/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21544081/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478540/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.237"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly, a study with over 5.4k Pima Indians found that the rs2867125 'C' allele corresponded to around a 3.0% increase in BMI per copy, which was a 2-fold larger effect compared to Europeans [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478540/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><strong>Rs7561317</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The 'A' allele of rs7561317 has been associated with lower and the 'G' allele with higher body weight. The link to BMI and obesity was found in Europe, Emirates, Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, and US [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19079260/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847941/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736869/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858727/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6634012/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851340/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32109558/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27486100/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628562/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study with over 18k middle-aged Danes, each copy of the 'G' allele was associated with a 1.2 times higher risk of obesity and 1.5 times higher risk of morbid obesity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166286/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interestingly, in a study with over 1.4k Czech adolescents, the 'A' allele increased the risk of being underweight [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890480/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4854344</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The 'T' allele of rs4854344 has been associated with higher body weight, BMI, greater waist circumference and an increased risk of obesity in Greek, Japanese, Spanish, and US studies [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262189/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21369819/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851340/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22391885/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Four SNPs in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene have been linked to body weight and obesity in many different studies involving people from all around the world. The impact of these SNPs on BMI can be stronger or weaker depending on ethnicity.&nbsp;</span></span></p> <h2><strong>How Does <em>TMEM18</em> Work?</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The simple answer is that no one knows for sure.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to both human and animal studies, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is highly active in several regions of the brain, including the </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/hypothalamus-101/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">hypothalamus</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a region that controls appetite and energy expenditure. </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is also highly active in the fat tissue, liver, and the muscles [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7106578/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5483000/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24081222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists think that </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may affect either of the following:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">other genes linked to appetite and energy balance in the brain [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24081222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">fat accumulation in fat tissue [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24081222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229156/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/insulin-101/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/glucagon-levels/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">glucagon</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> metabolism [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27029472/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One study found that </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity was lower in the fat tissue of obese compared to lean people [</span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-012-2773-0"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists also found that obese children often missed one copy of the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene, which means they would have only half of the normal </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953915/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mice who don't have the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene eat more, gain more weight, and have more body fat [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, mice in which the brain </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is overactive, use more energy, and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/a-comprehensive-list-of-effective-ways-to-lose-weight/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">lose weight</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In support of the link between </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and insulin metabolism, SNPs in this gene have been also linked to blood sugar, insulin resistance, and diabetes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7106578/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22466342/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22391885/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734691/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may affect appetite and energy balance in the brain, fat accumulation in fat tissue, or insulin and glucagon metabolism in the liver and/or muscles. Lower </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity in humans and animals has been associated with obesity.</span></span></p> <h2><strong>Your <em>TMEM18</em> Results for Obesity</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*1750069478178223*</span></p> <p><strong><em>TMEM18 </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs6548238/"><strong>rs6548238</strong></a><strong>:</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'C' = major allele, associated with higher body weight and BMI, greater weight circumference, obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'T' = minor allele, associated with lower body weight, lower BMI, and a lower risk of obesity&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 77% of the people have the 'CC', 21% the 'CT', and only about 1.6% the 'TT' genotype. The 'TT' genotype is somewhat more common in Europe -- it's found in around 3% of people.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><strong><em>TMEM18 </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs2867125/"><strong>rs2867125</strong></a><strong>:</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'C' = major allele, associated with higher body weight and BMI, greater weight circumference, obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'T' = minor allele, associated with lower body weight, lower BMI, and a lower risk of obesity&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 75% of the people have the 'CC', 23% the 'CT', and only about 2% the 'TT' genotype. The 'TT' genotype is somewhat more common in South Asians -- it's found in around 3.7% of people.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><strong><em>TMEM18 </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs7561317/"><strong>rs7561317</strong></a><strong>:</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'G' = major allele, associated with higher body weight and BMI, greater weight circumference, obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'A' = minor allele, associated with lower body weight, lower BMI, and a lower risk of obesity&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 71% of the people have the 'GG', 26% the 'AG', and only about 3% the 'AA' genotype. The 'AA' genotype is somewhat more common in Africans -- it's found in around 6.7% of people.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><strong><em>TMEM18 </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs4854344/"><strong>rs4854344</strong></a><strong>:</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'T' = major allele, associated with higher body weight and BMI, greater weight circumference, obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'G' = minor allele, associated with lower body weight, lower BMI, and a lower risk of obesity&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 72% of the people have the 'TT', 25% the 'GT', and only about 2.8% the 'GG' genotype. The 'GG' genotype is somewhat more common in Europe -- it's found in around 3% of people.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*8610462216665549*</span></p> <h2><strong>Recommendations to Improve Body Weight</strong></h2> <p><strong><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">You may try the complementary approaches listed below if you and your doctor determine that they could be appropriate for you. Discuss the strategies listed here with your doctor. Remember that none of them should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.</span></em></strong></p> <p><strong>*8671830501430521*</strong></p> <h3><strong>Exercise</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the best things you can do to offset bad variants in this gene is to exercise regularly.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study with over 600 Pakistanis, the 'GG' genotype of rs7561317 was associated with a 1.7 times higher risk of being overweight or obese. However, when combined with low physical activity the risk of obesity increased to 2.7 times [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628562/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]!</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">High-intensity</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-14-proven-health-benefits-exercise-references-mechanisms/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">exercise</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is probably the best strategy to</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/a-comprehensive-list-of-effective-ways-to-lose-weight/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">lose weight</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. In addition to promoting fat and calorie burning, it may increase the levels of chemicals that support mental health and suppress appetite such as the neurotransmitters </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/norepinephrine-stress-hormone/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">norepinephrine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/endorphins/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">endorphins</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and the neurotrophin</span> <a href="../../article/boost-plasticity-with-the-bdnf-gene-50"><span style="font-weight: 400;">BDNF</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5124188"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120717/Mu-opioid-receptors-put-brakes-on-appetite.aspx"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/neuro.24.005.2010/full"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Aerobic exercise (like walking, running, swimming, etc) also lead to major reductions in belly fat in multiple studies. Although the reason is not fully understood, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-yoga/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">yoga</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> can be a useful tool for</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/a-comprehensive-list-of-effective-ways-to-lose-weight/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> weight loss</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> too [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637702"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951360"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4995338/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5098025/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198375/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study suggests that low physical activity amplifies the effect of bad </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants on body weight. Counteract this by staying physically active.</span></span></p> <h3><strong>Manage Stress</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dexamethasone, a synthetic compound closely related to the stress hormone </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cortisol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, decreased the activity of the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene in human fat cells. That's bad because lower </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> has been linked to obesity [</span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-012-2773-0"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953915/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On one hand, we always need to take cell studies with a grain of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/is-salt-good-or-bad-the-science-on-the-health-effects-of-salt/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">salt</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> because they don't necessarily translate into what happens in the human body.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, however, there's plenty of research that shows that stress and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cortisol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cause weight gain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819644/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373497/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123563/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress also increases</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/glutamate/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> glutamate</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which increases appetite, while it decreases</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/all-about-nerve-growth-factor-and-50-ways-to-increase-it/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> NGF</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and</span><a href="../../article/article/boost-plasticity-with-the-bdnf-gene-50"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> BDNF</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, both of which are appetite suppressants [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16132059"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, stress makes the brain resistant to </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-serotonin"><span style="font-weight: 400;">serotonin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/dopamine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">dopamine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which may increase appetite and block the rewarding effects of food [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14993070"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255482311700200"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/10/15/31146.aspx"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All of the above explain why, if you're looking to lose or maintain your weight, it's very important to reduce the stress in your life. There are lots of different ways to manage stress including [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16162447"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436714"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29579524"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732372"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237092"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544857"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500773"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365315"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107199"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283740"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873586"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037088"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Relaxation</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Massage therapy</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yoga</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/meditation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Meditation</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Listening to </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/20-scientifically-proven-health-benefits-music-blood-pressure-insomnia/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">music</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Going outdoors</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Doing sports&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress may decrease </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity and is a known contributor to obesity. Reduce your exposure to unnecessary stress and manage the stress you can't avoid.</span></span></p> <h3><strong>Eat More Fiber and Fiber-Rich Fruits and Vegetables</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A cell study found that insulin significantly reduced </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in human fat tissue [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24081222/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. This means that insulin may potentially block the beneficial effects of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">on metabolism and body weight.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In most &ldquo;healthy&rdquo; people, insulin increases due to two main factors: overeating and lack of physical activity. These behaviors can cause fat to buildup in the liver and muscles, which makes these tissues less responsive to insulin. This is what we call </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin resistance</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701542/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Apart from balanced eating and exercising, another good strategy to decrease your insulin levels and lose weight is to eat more fiber and fiber-rich foods: fruits and vegetables.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In two studies with over 11k people in total, those with more fiber in their diet had lower insulin resistance [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852813/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920058/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies suggest that adding more fiber to your diet can improve your insulin levels pretty fast: 12 weeks of supplementation with soluble fiber was enough to effectively lower insulin resistance in a study with 120 overweight men [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164548"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fiber, both from foods and supplements, is known to increase satiety after a meal and decreases subsequent</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-10-ways-to-curb-your-hunger-and-approaches-that-didnt-work/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">hunger</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Studies suggest that an additional 14 g of fiber per day is associated with a 10% lower energy intake and weight loss [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396693/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">How much is 14g? To put it into perspective, in the US, the average fiber intake is around 15 g/day which is only half of the recommended amount [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396693/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a meta-analysis of 62 trials with over 3.8k people, soluble fiber modestly but significantly improved body weight and decreased waist circumference even without calorie restriction [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897475/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]!</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies suggest that higher insulin levels may block </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity. Fiber helps decrease insulin levels and it's beneficial for weight loss.&nbsp;</span></span></p> <h3><strong>Go Easy On Saturated Fats</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A diet high in fat decreased fat tissue </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity by 80% in mice [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537611/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similarly, in rats, a high-fat diet decreased </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in the brain (hypothalamus), liver, and muscles [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21779089/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As previously mentioned, studies suggest that lower </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">levels are linked to obesity, but as of yet, there are no human studies looking at the effect of fat consumption on </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953915/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584443/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, we do know that fats are high in calories -- and an excess in calories leads to weight gain.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But fats also have an effect on body weight independent of calories.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study with over 1.1k people, higher fat intake was linked to obesity, even after adjustment for daily energy intake. Moreover, compared with people with low-fat diets (&lt;20% of calories from fat), those with high-fat diets (&gt;35% fat) had higher BMI and body fat -- even when they consumed the same amount of calories [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738243/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Animal studies offer some clues into the calorie-independent effects of fat on body weight:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Overfeeding mice on a high-fat diet causes insulin resistance, while overfeeding on a low-fat diet doesn't [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183884/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">High-fat diets decrease the diversity of gut microbes [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30525859/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578152/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">High-fat diets may alter the reward circuitry of the brain resulting in overeating [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970071/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several meta-analyses have associated low-fat diets with significant and sustained weight loss, as well as with reduced weight gain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667723/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3516671/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10889789"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega 3's and MUFAs from </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/olive-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">olive oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> are very healthy, so it would be wisest to cut down on <a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/low-carb-diet-vs-high-carb-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">saturated fat</a>. Examples of foods high in saturated fats include:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cured meats like salami, chorizo and pancetta</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pastries, such as pies, quiches, sausage rolls and croissants</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cakes and biscuits</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ice creams and milkshakes</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research suggests that getting more calories from protein or complex carbs is beneficial, but avoid refined grains and low-fat products with added starch and sugar -- go for wholefoods and fiber-rich fruits and veggies instead [</span><a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/1/41.abstract"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193874"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10375057"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">High-fat diets decrease </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TMEM18</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity in animal studies. In humans, high-fat diets have been linked to weight gain, independent of the total caloric intake. Replace saturated fats in your diet with healthier protein or fiber-rich foods.</span></span></p>
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223 | content_learn_more_8610462216665549_text == Based on the TMEM18 variants we looked at, you have a slightly elevated risk of obesity. However, this doesn't reflect your overall risk of obesity, just one gene related to it. Other genes and health factors contribute to your risk. Keep reading to learn more.
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