254 | id == 254
254 | category_id == 14
254 | category_order == 12
254 | category_name == Nutrition
254 | category_color == #C47AC0
254 | slug == CHDH-choline-deficiency
254 | title == A Gene That Impacts your Choline Requirement (CHDH)
254 | meta_description == The CHDH gene encodes an enzyme crucial for choline metabolism. Click to learn about its link with choline deficiency.
254 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Choline is crucial for your brain, liver &amp; muscles, and genes can significantly affect your daily needs for this nutrient. Read on to learn about the link between the CHDH gene and choline deficiency.</strong></p>
254 | overall_score_text == Your Choline Deficiency Score (Based on CHDH Gene)
254 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/post_image.jfif
254 | author_id == 9
254 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
254 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
254 | author_order == 45
254 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
254 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
254 | reviewer_id == 14
254 | reviewer_name == Shany Lahan
254 | reviewer_title == MS (Neuroscience)
254 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
254 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
254 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
254 | publish_date == 2020
254 | publish_date == 8
254 | publish_date == 3
254 | avg_rating == 5.0
254 | tags_id == 567
254 | tags_name == Alcohol
254 | tags_id == 563
254 | tags_name == Betaine
254 | tags_id == 565
254 | tags_name == CHDH Gene
254 | tags_id == 131
254 | tags_name == Choline
254 | tags_id == 128
254 | tags_name == Fatty Liver
254 | tags_id == 566
254 | tags_name == PEMT
254 | tags_id == 132
254 | tags_name == Phosphatidylcholine
254 | permissions_favorite == False
254 | permissions_rate == False
254 | content_article == <p><em>If you have any serious health concerns related to possible nutritional deficiencies or other dietary issues, it is important to discuss these concerns with your doctor. The information in this post is presented for educational purposes only, and should not be used to replace standard medical care.</em></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CHDH</em> in Choline Metabolism</strong></h2> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Importance of Choline</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why should you care about your </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">choline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-related genes in the first place? Well, this nutrient is essential for [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Brain, liver and muscle health</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fetal development</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fat transport and metabolism</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell structure and signaling</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Prolonged choline deficiency can cause fatty liver, muscle damage, congenital disorders and more [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906248"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2438605/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430654/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451849/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. According to data from 2003-2004, around </span><strong>90%</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of people don&rsquo;t get enough of this nutrient [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What is <em>CHDH</em>?</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/links/nihms12172f1.jpg" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><sup>Image source: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/figure/F1/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/figure/F1/</a></sup></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../../gene/chdh/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CHDH </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> codes for <em>choline dehydrogenase</em>, an enzyme that turns <em>choline</em> into <em>betaine</em>. In this reaction, choline supplies a <em>methyl group</em> needed for </span><em><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/optimal-homocysteine-levels-increase-decrease/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">homocysteine</span></a></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> clearance, as well as the production of </span><em><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/methionine-good-bad-surprising-truth-methionine-restriction/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">methionine</span></a></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &amp; </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/s-adenosyl-l-methionine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">SAM-e</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55349"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5343788/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">At the same time, the body uses choline to make </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-phosphatidylcholine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>phosphatidylcholine</em></span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, if the </span><a href="../../article/choline-deficiency-pemt-44"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> enzyme can&rsquo;t produce enough on its own. Phosphatidylcholine is crucial for fat metabolism, liver protection, nerve function, and other important functions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946521/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Can <em>CHDH</em> Variants Contribute to Choline Deficiency?</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">For decades, scientists have studied the genetic and environmental factors that influence our choline requirements [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213596/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703434/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579630/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study identified two </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CHDH </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variants associated with liver and muscle damage when dietary choline was restricted to &lt;50 mg/day [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="../../../snp/rs9001/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs9001</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">: those with the 'G' allele were </span><strong>5x less</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> likely to develop signs of choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="../../../snp/rs12676/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs12676</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">: those with the 'A' allele were </span><strong>20x more</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> likely to develop signs of choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">With that said, the above study included only 57 subjects, and rs12676 had a significant impact only in a smaller subset of 16 women [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Note</strong>: Some papers refer to rs9001 as the "318A&rarr;C polymorphism," and rs12676 as the "432G&rarr;T polymorphism." Unlike us at SelfDecode, they also report on the "negative" DNA strand, where 'T&gt;G' equals 'A&gt;C', and 'C&gt;A' equals 'G&gt;T'.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Two <em>CHDH </em>variants may play a role in choline deficiency: rs9001-G as a protective factor and rs12676-A as a contributing factor. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>How It Works</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other authors have noticed that people with the protective SNP, rs9001-G, use more choline for phosphatidylcholine production, and less for betaine production. On the contrary, rs12676-A favors the transformation of choline to betaine [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579630/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5343788/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Variants that favor betaine production may deplete choline stores and impair phosphatidylcholine synthesis. In the absence of dietary choline, this effect can contribute to organ damage due to choline deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5343788/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Did you know?</em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Through evolution, the inheritance of choline-related SNPs has followed the availability of dietary choline. In most African and East Asian environments where dietary choline has been scarce, choline-sparing variants are much more common compared to European descendants, who came from an environment where more dietary choline was available [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511208/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">In the absence of dietary choline, <em>CHDH </em>variants can deplete choline and phosphatidylcholine by favoring betaine production.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Your CHDH Results for Choline Deficiency</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*8258013439652332*</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Primary SNPs:</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CHDH </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs9001/"><strong>rs9001</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = associated with lower odds of organ damage due to choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = associated with relatively higher odds of choline deficiency, compared with the 'G' allele</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population Frequency</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">: Around 19% of European descendants carry the &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele. It&rsquo;s much more common in African (55%) and East Asian (60%) populations.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CHDH </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs12676/"><strong>rs12676</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = not associated with choline deficiency&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = associated with higher odds of organ damage due to choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population Frequency</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">: Around 50% of European descendants carry the &ldquo;A&rdquo; allele. It&rsquo;s much less common in African (18%) and nearly non-existent in East Asian populations.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*7026568399876092*</strong></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Recommendations to Prevent Choline Deficiency</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the following section, we&rsquo;ll outline complementary approaches that may help you meet your dietary choline requirements and prevent a deficiency. If you have a diagnosed condition, the below strategies are not meant to replace your standard medical treatment. Make sure to consult with your doctor before making any significant changes to your day-to-day routine.</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>*9903412637741604*</strong></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Choline</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Most importantly, focus on getting enough</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">choline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from food. As long as you do, your problematic SNPs won&rsquo;t have that much of an impact.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the discussed study, reintroducing choline into a diet reversed the signs and symptoms of organ damage in most patients [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The recommended daily intake is 550 mg for men and 425 mg for non-pregnant women. Feel free to go above the suggested minimum, but stay below the upper limit of 3,500 mg/day [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193625"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The best food sources of choline include [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579689/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beef liver: 356 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eggs: 147 mg per serving (1 large egg)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chicken breast: 72 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Codfish: 71 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, two ounces of beef liver and two eggs would meet your daily requirements. According to an extensive survey, people who don't eat eggs or take supplements are much less likely to get enough choline [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579632/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">As you can see, most choline-rich foods are of animal origin. If you are </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/16-nutrients-vegans-arent-getting/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vegan</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or vegetarian and have the &lsquo;bad&rsquo; </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CHDH </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variants, consider taking a supplement.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Decent plant-based choline sources include [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579689/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/shiitake-mushrooms/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shiitake</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> mushrooms: 58 mg per serving (&frac12; cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/quinoa/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quinoa</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">: 42.5 mg per serving (1 cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Broccoli: 31.3 mg per serving (&frac12; cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Peanuts: 18.3 mg per serving (1 oz)</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Increase your intake of choline to counteract the <em>CHDH </em>variants. The best sources of choline include eggs, beef liver, codfish, chicken, shiitake mushrooms, and quinoa.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Betaine</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the absence of dietary betaine, your body will produce it from choline, which may amplify your genetic risk for choline deficiency. To prevent this, consume a variety of betaine-rich foods such as [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730414"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Liver meats</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quinoa</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beets</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Wheat germ</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Spinach</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Betaine supplementation can raise blood lipids, so you may want to stick with food sources [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347848/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Choline</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you can&rsquo;t get enough choline from food, consider taking a supplement. Available forms include:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-phosphatidylcholine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phosphatidylcholine</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/citicoline/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Citicoline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (CDP-choline)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lecithin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lecithin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alpha-GPC</span></a></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Read our posts about each one to discover their unique pros and cons, and choose the right option for yourself.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SAM-e</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/s-adenosyl-l-methionine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">SAM-e</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (S-adenosylmethionine) enables phosphatidylcholine production via the </span><a href="../../article/fatty-liver-pemt-40"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> enzyme. SAM-e may compensate for lower choline levels and prevent choline deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877991"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2910850"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">SAM-e can help with fatty liver, which is the most common sign of choline deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361566/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Consider supplementing with choline and SAM-e to reduce the impact of your <em>CHDH </em>gene.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Limit Alcohol Intake</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chronic alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for choline deficiency. It forces the body to spend more choline for betaine production, further contributing to your genetic risk of choline deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605552/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2136403/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alcohol may also impair the alternative pathway for phosphatidylcholine production by inhibiting PEMT [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192332"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]. Alcohol abuse contributes to fatty liver and congenital disorders, partly by depleting choline [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371448/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448178/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p>
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254 | content_learn_more_7026568399876092_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your CHDH gene is slightly associated with choline deficiency. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall choline status—it’s just one gene related to it. Get more choline and betaine from food, and follow other gene-based tips to avoid choline deficiency. Keep reading to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs12676,rs9001
rsStatus = rs9001,CHDH,chr3,53823890,T,G,,,21,16,HET
