264 | id == 264
264 | category_id == 15
264 | category_order == 11
264 | category_name == Diet
264 | category_color == #C47AC0
264 | slug == ALDH2-Alcohol-Consumption
264 | title == Is This Alcohol-Metabolizing Gene Responsible For Your Hangovers? (ALDH2)
264 | meta_description == ALDH2 variants impact your ability to break down alcohol. Read on to find out how this may be influencing your overall drinking!
264 | summary == <p><strong>Variants of the ALDH2 gene influence the rate at which acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid after drinking alcohol. Acetaldehyde can be toxic and can lead to adverse side effects, potentially influencing your desire to consume alcohol. Read on to find out how these variants may be influencing your own alcohol consumption, and some steps you can take to potentially reduce their impact!</strong></p>
264 | overall_score_text == Your Hangover score (based on ALDH2)
264 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/ALDH2--Restrictions-Alcohol-flushing.jpg
264 | author_id == 13
264 | author_name == Lewis Cuthbertson
264 | author_title == PhD
264 | author_order == 12
264 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Lewis_SelfDecode.jpg
264 | author_intro == <p><strong>Lewis completed his PhD in Molecular Microbiology at Northumbria University (UK).</strong></p>    <p>Lewis spent several years researching the biodiversity of bacterial communities in the Arctic and Antarctic, whilst also performing research for a DNA sequencing service, where he was involved in several health based microbiome studies. This gave him an insight into how the highly diverse and invisible to the naked eye portion of human health, can potentially impact an individual&rsquo;s quality of life, driving his desire to help others understand their own complex health needs through the most current scientific research.<br />  &nbsp;</p>
264 | reviewer_id == 10
264 | reviewer_name == Biljana Novkovic
264 | reviewer_title == PhD
264 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
264 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
264 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
264 | publish_date == 2020
264 | publish_date == 8
264 | publish_date == 8
264 | avg_rating == 5.0
264 | tags_id == 567
264 | tags_name == Alcohol
264 | tags_id == 593
264 | tags_name == ALDH
264 | tags_id == 594
264 | tags_name == ALDH2
264 | tags_id == 164
264 | tags_name == Cancer
264 | tags_id == 183
264 | tags_name == Diet
264 | tags_id == 595
264 | tags_name == Flushing
264 | tags_id == 573
264 | tags_name == Hangover
264 | tags_id == 69
264 | tags_name == Headache
264 | permissions_favorite == False
264 | permissions_rate == False
264 | content_article == <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>If you have any serious health concerns related to alcohol consumption or other dietary issues, it is important to discuss these concerns with your doctor. The information in this post is presented for educational purposes only, and should not be used to replace standard medical care.</em></span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">What Is </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">?</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The</span><a href="../../../gene/aldh2/"> <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> g</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ene</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> encodes for part of an enzyme named aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which is involved in the breakdown of alcohol in the liver.</span></p> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-vasopressin-role-chronic-health-issues/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADH</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> enzymes are responsible for the first step of alcohol metabolism, where alcohol is converted to potentially toxic acetaldehyde. ALDH enzymes are responsible for the second step, breaking down acetaldehyde to acetic acid.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The <em>ALDH2</em> gene encodes an enzyme involved in the conversion of potentially toxic acetaldehyde to acetic acid.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>ALDH2</em> &amp; Alcohol Consumption</span></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants are thought to influence alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence. Variants can affect ALDH enzyme production and, in turn, the body&rsquo;s ability to break down acetaldehyde.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Certain </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants produce fewer or less active ALDH enzymes, and may reduce the enzyme activity to zero, largely reducing the rate at which acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid. This can lead to a build-up of acetaldehyde following alcohol consumption. Acetaldehyde build-up is toxic and bad for your health, and can result in negative effects such as [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6582480/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860432/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860434/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Flushing</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sweating</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nausea</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Accelerated </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/resting-heart-rate/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">heart rate</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vomiting</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">More severe &lsquo;hangover&rsquo; effects may discourage </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variant carriers from drinking alcohol. This is in comparison to non-variant carriers, who can drink alcohol without experiencing these symptoms [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860432/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em>ALDH2</em> variants impact the activity of ALDH enzymes, which may lead to negative effects that influence overall alcohol consumption.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs671 &amp; Alcohol Consumption</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study of 251 Japanese people found that carriers of an &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele of the rs671 variant, a SNP in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene, were more likely to experience a hangover. As a result, carriers drink less and are less likely to be alcohol-dependent than non-carriers [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Carriers of the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele have been reported to get drunk faster and are more likely to experience a hangover, especially if they have </span><a href="../../article/fut2-vitaminb12-100"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin B12</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> deficiency. Vitamin B12 can assist in acetaldehyde breakdown. Variant carriers who drink alcohol with this deficiency may be more at risk of the negative health effects associated with acetaldehyde buildup [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406661/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The rs671 SNP is most prevalent in Asian populations, and is almost non-existent in other populations. 31% of individuals of East Asian descent carry at least one copy of the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele, however less than 1% of any other ethnicity carry a copy [</span><a href="https://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=12:111803462-111804462;v=rs671;vdb=variation;vf=95652278"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Enzyme activity is completely reduced in those who carry two copies of the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele, and by 50-70% for those who carry one [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665790/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study in mice showed that mice lacking </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> avoided alcohol. This was linked to increased brain and blood acetaldehyde levels [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16404140/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite the severe hangover effects of rs671, alcoholism in carriers of the variant has increased in Japan, emphasizing the role that environmental factors (such as social pressure) play in alcohol drinking [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7907720/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Carriers of <em>ALDH2 </em>variants are more likely to experience severe hangover effects following drinking, and as a result are more likely to consume less alcohol than non-carriers. However, social pressures may alter this behavior.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs671 &amp; Disease</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acetaldehyde is toxic and has also been shown to damage DNA. This means that the acetaldehyde buildup caused by drinking alcohol whilst carrying the rs671 variant may inflict nerve </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/23-ways-to-combat-pain-naturally-by-increasing-your-opioids/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This may also put the carrier at increased risk of cancer, such as throat, stomach, liver, bowel, and mouth [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542751/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422823/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25778454/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19706845/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040107/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In fact, one study noted that carriers of the rs671 variant were at 20% higher relative risk of developing cancers than non-carriers, although this was not related to alcohol intake [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680115/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The rs671 variant has also been linked to:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Heart disease [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23685282/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27214654/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alzheimer's disease [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27808372/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Parkinson&rsquo;s disease [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27706693/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span>&nbsp;</li> </ul> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Drinking alcohol whilst carrying an <em>ALDH2 </em>variant may increase the risk of certain cancers.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Your </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Results for Hangovers</span></h2> <p><strong>*6731353442652028*</strong></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">SNP Summary and Table</span></h3> <p><strong><em>ALDH2 </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs671/"><strong>rs671</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;AA&rsquo; = Associated with a reduced conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, may be associated with flushing, nausea, and worse hangovers when drinking, often resulting in lower alcohol consumption [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;AG&rsquo; = Associated with a reduced conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, may be associated with flushing, nausea, and worse hangovers when drinking, often resulting in lower alcohol consumption [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;GG&rsquo; = Associated with normal conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">31% of East Asians carry the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele. The 'A' allele is much less common in the rest of the world, where around 1% are carriers [</span><a href="https://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=12:111803462-111804462;v=rs671;vdb=variation;vf=95652278"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><strong>*4315708407738303*</strong></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recommendations To Reduce The Impact Of Risk-Associated </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Variants</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the following section, we&rsquo;ll describe some complementary approaches that may potentially help counteract some of the negative health implications associated with </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants. Nonetheless, keep in mind that the strategies below should not be used to replace standard medical treatment.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Always make sure to consult with your doctor before making any lifestyle, dietary, or other significant changes to your day-to-day routine, in order to minimize the risk of adverse interactions, side-effects, or other potentially negative outcomes.</span></p> <p><strong>*3609216292902144*</strong></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lifestyle</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Whilst carrying an </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variant tends to reduce a person's overall alcohol consumption, this one gene may not reflect your overall alcohol consumption habits.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you typically have worse hangover symptoms as a result of carrying an </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variant, consider not drinking, drinking less or drinking slower to reduce the negative effects associated with increased acetaldehyde buildup [</span><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002041.htm"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep in mind that heavily drinking whilst carrying one of these variants may potentially increase your risk of several cancers and should be avoided [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860434/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542751/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422823/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25778454/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19706845/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Individuals with 'AA' or 'AG' genotypes of rs671 have a higher heart disease risk, if they don&rsquo;t </span><strong>exercise regularly</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29960587/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diet</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Make sure you're eating a healthy, balanced diet. A study involving 656 people showed that individuals with 'AA' or 'AG' genotypes of rs671 had a higher heart disease risk, if they eat</span><strong> fried food </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">regularly, than individuals with 'GG' genotypes [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29960587/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin B12-Rich Foods</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Drinking alcohol can deplete vitamin B12 levels. After drinking alcohol, vitamin B12 assists in the removal of toxic-acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is more concentrated in </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variant carriers and therefore requires more vitamin B12. Larger red blood cells may be associated with B12 deficiency. </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variant carriers have been shown to have increased red blood cell size and have an associated increased risk of hangovers. The mechanisms linking vitamin B12 deficiency and alcohol are speculative and require further research [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15138463/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406661/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10757449/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1097/01.ALC.0000085589.47243.8D"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046871/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you are suffering from particularly severe hangover symptoms or carry a risk genotype, consider being tested for vitamin B12 deficiency and discussing vitamin B12 supplements with your doctor.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The following foods are rich natural sources of vitamin B12:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tuna</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Salmon</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beef</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Milk</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ham</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eggs</span></li> </ul> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Folate-Rich Foods</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Folate is important for the healthy maintenance of DNA, however it is broken down by acetaldehyde. Studies suggest that </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/16-proven-benefits-vitamin-b9-folate-folic-acid/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">folate</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (vitamin B9) may help mitigate some of the negative effects of alcohol such as cancer risk in people with </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALDH2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variants, however the mechanism behind this is still not clear [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21946912/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223781/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Folate is found in most fresh foods and vegetables, including:&nbsp;</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Spinach</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Asparagus</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lettuce</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Avocado</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Broccoli</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bananas</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The cooking process can eliminate as much as 90% of the folate content of foods. Therefore, it's best to eat plant sources of folate raw whenever possible [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320966/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Drugs</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid taking </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">acetaminophen (Tylenol/Paracetamol) after consuming alcohol to reduce hangover side effects, as this may result in liver damage caused by the toxic effects of NAPQI. NAPQI is a toxic bi-product of acetaminophen breakdown and alcohol may cause a buildup by either of the following mechanisms.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alcohol may increase the activity of CYP2E1 transport proteins, increasing the rate of acetaminophen breakdown into NAPQI. Alcohol depletes glutathione, which may lower the rate of NAPQI removal </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30377576/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10649673/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12143040/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p>
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264 | content_learn_more_4315708407738303_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your ALDH2 variants may be associated with decreased rates of acetaldehyde to acetic acid breakdown and increased hangover severity which may reduce your overall alcohol consumption. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your own alcohol consumption — just one gene related to it. Read on to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs671
rsStatus = rs671,ALDH2,chr12,111803962,G,A,,,24,0,Normal
