281 | id == 281
281 | category_id == 14
281 | category_order == 12
281 | category_name == Nutrition
281 | category_color == #C47AC0
281 | slug == CASR-kidney-stones
281 | title == A Gene That Can Impact Kidney Stone Formation (CASR)
281 | meta_description == CASR encodes a calcium receptor. CASR variants may increase the risk of kidney stones. Learn more here.
281 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The <em>CASR</em> gene codes for a receptor that is able to detect and regulate calcium levels in the body. Certain <em>CASR</em> gene variants can increase the amount of calcium in the urine and in turn, increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Read more to find out how you can mitigate the potential health effects of these variants!</strong></p>
281 | overall_score_text == Your Kidney Stone Risk (based on CASR gene)
281 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/CASR--Nutrition-Calcium.jpg
281 | author_id == 14
281 | author_name == Shany Lahan
281 | author_title == MS (Neuroscience)
281 | author_order == 5
281 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Shany.webp
281 | author_intro == <p>Shany received her MSc in Neuroscience from Western University.</p>    <p>Prior to joining SelfDecode, Shany conducted research related to Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, and taught science to undergraduate students. She believes that research should be accessible to everyone, regardless of scientific background. Shany joined SelfDecode&nbsp;with a mission to help others optimize their health and wellbeing &ndash; as well as help them understand the science behind it all.</p>
281 | reviewer_id == 10
281 | reviewer_name == Biljana Novkovic
281 | reviewer_title == PhD
281 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
281 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
281 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
281 | publish_date == 2020
281 | publish_date == 8
281 | publish_date == 20
281 | avg_rating == 5.0
281 | tags_id == 560
281 | tags_name == Calcium
281 | tags_id == 629
281 | tags_name == Calcium-Sensing Receptor
281 | tags_id == 628
281 | tags_name == CASR Gene
281 | tags_id == 631
281 | tags_name == Hypercalciuria
281 | tags_id == 632
281 | tags_name == Kidney Stones
281 | tags_id == 630
281 | tags_name == Parathyroid Hormone
281 | permissions_favorite == False
281 | permissions_rate == False
281 | content_article == <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR </em>&amp; Calcium</strong></h2> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Calcium</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Calcium is a mineral that is important for maintaining your bones and teeth. It is also essential for many bodily processes, such as communication between cells of your brain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The intestines are able to absorb calcium from food and transfer this calcium to the blood, where it can then be transported to and stored in bones. Calcium that is not stored in bones or otherwise used in bodily processes (excess calcium) can be removed from the body via urine, produced by the kidneys [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Calcium can be reabsorbed from the kidneys or released from bones in order to increase levels of calcium in the blood [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Calcium is an important mineral. It can be stored in bones or removed with urine to decrease its levels in the blood. It can also be absorbed in the intestines, released from bones, or reabsorbed in the kidneys to increase its levels in the blood.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Parathyroid Hormone</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Under normal conditions, four, small glands in the neck -- collectively termed the parathyroid glands -- release parathyroid hormone at a continuous rate. After its release, parathyroid hormone is able to act on bones, kidneys, and intestines to respectively release, reabsorb, and absorb calcium [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1337117/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9509247/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Parathyroid hormone can act on bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the body.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR</em></strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="../../../gene/casr/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> encodes the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). CaSR can detect high levels of calcium and subsequently decrease its amount [</span><a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/CASR"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Specifically, when levels of calcium begin to rise in the blood, CaSR is activated. This prevents the release of parathyroid hormone, as well as the consequent release, reabsorption, and absorption of calcium. CaSR can also be found in the kidneys, where high levels of calcium can result in a direct decrease in the amount of calcium that is reabsorbed. These processes ultimately allow excess calcium to exit the body with urine, resulting in a decrease of calcium levels [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9509247/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The <em>CASR </em>gene encodes CaSR. Upon activation, CaSR can prevent the release of parathyroid hormone and effectively restore calcium to normal levels in the blood.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR </em>Variants &amp; Calcium Regulation</strong></h2> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kidney Stones</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kidney stones are hard structures formed when various salts and minerals combine within urine in the kidneys, bladder or ureters (two tubes that allow urine to pass from the kidneys to the bladder) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252394/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339356/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kidney stones containing calcium are among the most prevalent types, and can form with an overload of calcium in the urine. Kidney stones can be incredibly painful to excrete in urine, and larger stones may require surgery for their removal [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252394/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339356/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many individuals with kidney stones have other conditions, specifically associated with hypercalciuria: elevated levels (&ldquo;hyper-&rdquo;) of calcium (&ldquo;-calci-&rdquo;) in the urine (&ldquo;-uria&rdquo;) [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9509247/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Kidney stones are hard structures made of salts and minerals, formed within the urine. Excess calcium in the urine can result in the most common type of kidney stone.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR</em> Variants &amp; Kidney Stones</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="../../../snp/rs1801725/"><strong>rs1801725</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="../../../snp/rs1042636/"><strong>rs1042636</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> are two variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">that are commonly associated with hypercalciuria and subsequent kidney stone formation.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two meta-analyses point to the minor &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele at rs1801725 as being a risk factor for kidney stone formation in Asian populations, while being protective in White populations. The major &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele has been shown to be protective in Asian populations [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331470/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-019-0045-y#Tab6"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">These same meta-analyses point to the minor &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele at rs1042636 as being a risk factor for kidney stone formation in White populations. One of the meta-analyses observed a potential protective effect of the major &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele in White populations [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331470/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-019-0045-y#Tab6"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>How Does This Work?</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs1801725 and rs1042636 variants have been linked to both a lower and higher amount of CaSR in the parathyroid glands and kidneys. Although it is clear that these variants can increase the amount of calcium in the urine and subsequently increase the risk of kidney stone formation, more research is needed to determine exactly why this is [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331470/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-019-0045-y#Tab6"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">rs1801725 and rs1042636 are two variants of <em>CASR </em>that can result in excess calcium in the urine and subsequent kidney stone formation.</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Your <em>CASR </em>Results for Kidney Stone Risk</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*2430865957571983*</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SNP Summary and Table</strong></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Primary SNP</strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR</em></strong> <a href="../../../snp/rs1801725/"><strong>rs1801725</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Normal risk of kidney stone formation in Asian populations.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Higher risk of kidney stone formation in Asian populations, but protective in White populations.</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The minor &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele at rs1801725 is found in 17.3% of individuals worldwide [</span><a href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:122284410-122285410;v=rs1801725;vdb=variation;vf=817295"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Other SNPs</strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>CASR </em></strong><a href="../../../snp/rs1042636/"><strong>rs1042636</strong></a></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Normal risk of kidney stone formation in White populations.&nbsp;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Higher risk of kidney stone formation in White populations.</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The minor &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele at rs1042636 is found in 33.5% of individuals worldwide [</span><a href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:122284422-122285422;v=rs1042636;vdb=variation;vf=458870"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">*3931219614564409*</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Recommendations for Preventing Kidney Stones</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you have any serious health concerns related to possible calcium dysregulation or kidney stone formation, it is important to discuss these concerns with your doctor. The information in this post is presented for educational purposes only, and should not be used to replace standard medical care.</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">*8330261064286322*</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although kidney stones can be formed from a number of minerals, salts, and compounds, the most common types of kidney stones are those formed from the binding of calcium and oxalate (calcium oxalate salt) in the kidneys, ureters, and/or bladder [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8441427/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lifestyle&nbsp;</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Drink More Water&nbsp;</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regardless of variant, it is recommended that everyone </span><strong>drink a sufficient amount of water per day</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This amount can vary;</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">men are recommended to drink about 3 liters (approximately 13 cups) of water per day, while non-pregnant women are recommended to drink about 2.2 liters (approximately 9 cups) [</span><a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Drinking a sufficient amount of water can help dilute calcium oxalate and sodium in the urine, as well as help remove these salts from the body. Both urine dilution and regular excretion of salts can reduce the risk of kidney stone formation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455427/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Water can help dilute urine and flush salts from the body. Although everyone should be drinking the recommended amount of water daily, carriers of <em>CASR </em>risk variants should be especially careful to drink this recommended amount, in order to reduce risk of kidney stone formation.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Get a Routine Urinalysis Done</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is a good idea for individuals carrying risk variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">to occasionally visit their family doctor in order to</span><strong> complete a routine urinalysis</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, or urine test. A urinalysis can determine whether urine contains high levels of calcium crystals -- an early warning sign of kidney stone formation [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/diagnosis#:~:text=Urinalysis.,that%20can%20form%20kidney%20stones."><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Limit Oxalate Intake</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Oxalate is a compound found in cooked spinach, rhubarb, rice bran, potato skins, and navy beans.</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Individuals with variants that may predispose them to kidney stones should</span><strong> limit their intake of foods containing oxalate</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8441427/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Consume Healthy Amounts of Calcium</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Paradoxically, too little calcium can also increase kidney stone formation. When eaten in healthy amounts, calcium can bind oxalate in the stomach and intestines, and calcium oxalate can be excreted in stool. However, when calcium is eaten in low amounts, there is not enough calcium present in the stomach and intestines to bind oxalate. In this case, non-bound oxalate is instead transferred to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, where it can combine with (reabsorbed) calcium in urine to form kidney stones [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6876264/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9761503/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5040764/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8770968/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4978800/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regardless of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variant, consuming the </span><strong>recommended amount of 1000 mg to 1200 mg of calcium per day</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> can help avoid both excess calcium levels and low calcium levels in the body. Calcium supplements can often result in excess calcium intake; therefore, it is best to stick to dietary sources of this mineral. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, green leafy vegetables, soy products, and nuts [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8441427/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Calcium can combine with oxalate to form calcium oxalate salt, a component of the most common types of kidney stones. Carriers of <em>CASR </em>risk variants should consume the recommended amount of calcium and limit their intake of oxalate to reduce their risk of developing kidney stones.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Limit Vitamin C Intake</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin C can be converted to oxalate in the body, thus further increasing the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation. Therefore, carriers of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">risk variants are recommended to </span><strong>limit their intake of vitamin C from supplements to 1000 mg per day </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455427/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Foods that are rich in vitamin C, and should thus be <strong>eaten in moderation</strong> by individuals that carry risk variants, include citrus fruits (such as oranges), melons (such as cantaloupe), broccoli, peppers, and tomatoes [</span><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002404.htm"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Reduce Sodium Intake</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A diet high in salt (sodium) can similarly increase the risk of kidney stone development. Although the mechanism is unclear, it is possible that high levels of sodium in the body require more water to be reabsorbed in the kidneys. This can ultimately result in urine that is concentrated with calcium [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7666985/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is recommended that individuals carrying risk variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><strong>limit their intake of foods that are high in sodium</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, such as smoked or cured meat, salted nuts, salted beans, and frozen entrees</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7666985/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Consume Less Animal Protein</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Animal protein can make your urine more acidic, which can aid in the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones (as well as other types of kidney stones) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6533969/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059457/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is important to note that protein is an essential nutrient. Therefore, individuals that are carriers of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">risk variants should </span><strong>limit their intake of foods that contain animal proteins</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, while simultaneously </span><strong>increasing their intake of foods that contain plant proteins </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Specifically, carriers should limit animal products rich in animal protein, such as beef, chicken, eggs, and milk. They should instead consume more plant products rich in plant protein, such as legumes (e.g., lentils), soy products, and nuts. Interestingly, many plant products that are high in protein, such as soy products and nuts, are also good sources of calcium (as described above) [</span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Carriers of <em>CASR </em>risk variants are recommended to limit vitamin C and sodium intake. They are also recommended to increase their intake of plant proteins, while simultaneously decreasing their intake of animal proteins.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Vitamin D&nbsp;</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin D has been shown to aid the intestines in absorbing calcium from food. Individuals carrying </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CASR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">risk variants may benefit from </span><strong>800 to 1000 individual units (IU) of vitamin D per day</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from supplements, if they are not getting enough sunlight [</span><a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-steps-for-preventing-kidney-stones-201310046721"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p>
281 | content_snp_table_2430865957571983_key == 2430865957571983
281 | content_snp_table_2430865957571983_blur == True
281 | content_snp_table_2430865957571983_hidden == False
281 | content_learn_more_3931219614564409_key == 3931219614564409
281 | content_learn_more_3931219614564409_blur == True
281 | content_learn_more_3931219614564409_hidden == False
281 | content_learn_more_3931219614564409_text == N/A
281 | content_recommendation_8330261064286322_key == 8330261064286322
281 | content_recommendation_8330261064286322_blur == True
281 | content_recommendation_8330261064286322_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs1042636,rs1801725
rsStatus = rs1042636,CASR,chr3,122284922,A,G,,,18,10,HET
rsStatus = rs1801725,CASR,chr3,122284910,G,A,T,,27,0,Normal
