294 | id == 294
294 | category_id == 19
294 | category_order == 16
294 | category_name == Pain
294 | category_color == #C47AC0
294 | slug == ADRB2-pain
294 | title == A Receptor that Links Anxiety, Depression, and Chronic Pain (ADRB2)
294 | meta_description == The ADRB2 receptor is expressed in many tissues, including pain-perception nerves. What is its role in chronic pain disorders?
294 | summary == <p><strong>The ADRB2 receptor is expressed in a broad range of tissues, including pain-perception nerves. What is its role in chronic pain disorders?</strong></p>
294 | overall_score_text == Chronic Pain Score (based on ADRB2)
294 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/ADRB2--Pain-Chronic-Pain.jpg
294 | author_id == 1
294 | author_name == Jasmine Foster
294 | author_title == BSc, BEd
294 | author_order == 36
294 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Jasmine.jpg
294 | author_intro == <p><strong>Jasmine received her BS from McGill University and her BEd from Vancouver Island University.</strong></p>    <p>Jasmine loves helping people understand their brains and bodies, a passion that grew out of her dual background in biology and education. From the chem lab to the classroom, everyone has the right to learn and make informed decisions about their health.</p>
294 | reviewer == None
294 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
294 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
294 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
294 | publish_date == 2020
294 | publish_date == 8
294 | publish_date == 28
294 | avg_rating == 5.0
294 | tags_id == 504
294 | tags_name == ADRB2 gene
294 | tags_id == 510
294 | tags_name == Caffeine
294 | tags_id == 596
294 | tags_name == Chronic Pain
294 | tags_id == 71
294 | tags_name == Pain
294 | tags_id == 653
294 | tags_name == Response to Painkillers
294 | tags_id == 602
294 | tags_name == Sickle Cell Disease
294 | permissions_favorite == False
294 | permissions_rate == False
294 | content_article == <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you have persistent or unexplained pain, it is important to discuss these concerns with your doctor. The information in this post is presented for educational purposes only, and should not be used to replace standard medical care.</span></em></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">What is </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">?</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene encodes the &beta;2-adrenergic receptor, likewise abbreviated ADRB2. It has a very wide range of functions, sending signals in many different tissues [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390066/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ADRB2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2 has been implicated in many psychological disorders; variants that reduce the expression of the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene or the activity of the receptor are more common in people with </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/natural-treatments-depression/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">depression</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, panic disorders, agoraphobia, and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/natural-treatments-anxiety/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">anxiety</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Low ADRB2 sensitivity has also been linked to pacing, twitching, and tics in people with depression [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570772/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The ADRB2 receptor is expressed in the nervous tissue that is responsible for pain perception. Low density or low activation of ADRB2 may be implicated in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/pain-management/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> disorders [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390066/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene encodes the &beta;2-adrenergic receptor. This receptor has a wide range of functions and is expressed in many tissues, including the nervous tissues responsible for pain perception.</span></span></p> <h2><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Variants &amp; Chronic Pain</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">variants have been associated with different types of pain and with sensitivity to certain painkiller medications.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One variant, </span><a href="http://selfdecode.com/snp/rs2053044"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs2053044</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, has been associated with chronic neck and back pain. At this SNP, the uncommon &lsquo;AA&rsquo; (homozygous minor) genotype is linked with significantly higher rates of chronic pain. Even one copy of the &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele appears to protect against this effect [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22416031/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another variant, </span><a href="../../../snp/rs11959113/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs11959113</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, has been associated with the effectiveness of opioid painkillers. At this SNP, people with the &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele tend to need more fentanyl (a very strong opioid) during the recovery period after a surgery [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304713/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have been associated with chronic pain in subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD); it is unclear whether these variants might influence pain in people without this disease [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390066/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants associated with chronic pain in SCD are: </span><a href="../../../snp/rs1042713/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs1042713</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-G, </span><a href="../../../snp/rs1042711/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs1042711</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-C, </span><a href="../../../snp/rs12654778/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs12654778</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-G, and </span><a href="../../../snp/rs1801704/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs1801704</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-C [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390066/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Variants of the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene have been associated with chronic neck and back pain, chronic pain in sickle cell disease (SCD), and relative effectiveness of opioid medication.</span></span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Your </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ADRB2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Results for Chronic Pain</span></h2> <p>*7496149571972468*</p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">SNP Summary and Table</span></h3> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs2053044</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Not associated with chronic neck and back pain</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Associated with higher rates of chronic neck and back pain (&lsquo;AA&rsquo; genotype only)</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs11959113</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Not associated with opioid effectiveness</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Associated with increased dosage requirement of fentanyl during recovery from surgery</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs1042713</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with average rates of chronic pain in SCD</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Possibly protective against chronic pain in SCD</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs1042711</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Associated with average rates of chronic pain in SCD</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Associated with increased chronic pain in SCD</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs12654778</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with average rates of chronic pain in SCD</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Possibly protective against chronic pain in SCD</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ADRB2 rs1801704</strong></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Associated with average rates of chronic pain in SCD</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Associated with increased chronic pain in SCD</span></li> </ul> <p>*7062987513411092*</p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recommendations for Alleviating Pain</span></h2> <p>*4461797764425566*</p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Coffee</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The ADRB2 receptor is a direct target of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/caffeine-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">caffeine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which binds to it in order to exert its effects. People with the &lsquo;GG&rsquo; genotype at rs1042713 may be more susceptible to chronic pain than those with a possibly protective &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele; conveniently, they also appear to be less susceptible to the negative effects of caffeine [</span><a href="https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.725.3"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to multiple studies, the addition of caffeine to painkillers (most often ibuprofen and Tylenol) slightly but significantly improves their effectiveness for acute pain [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485506/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20624245/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485702/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11999141/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A combination of ibuprofen (100-200 mg) and caffeine (100 mg) reduced postoperative pain in multiple studies. Although less effective than higher ibuprofen doses (400 mg) with codeine or oxycodone, the ibuprofen-caffeine combination had fewer side effects [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481458/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9516027/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459961/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Caffeine is often added to painkilling medication, but it is also widely available in the diet, primarily in coffee or </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/theaflavins/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">black tea</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Caffeine binds directly to the ADRB2 receptor. When added to other painkillers like ibuprofen, it has been found to reduce multiple types of pain.</span></p>
294 | content_snp_table_7496149571972468_key == 7496149571972468
294 | content_snp_table_7496149571972468_blur == True
294 | content_snp_table_7496149571972468_hidden == False
294 | content_learn_more_7062987513411092_key == 7062987513411092
294 | content_learn_more_7062987513411092_blur == True
294 | content_learn_more_7062987513411092_hidden == False
294 | content_learn_more_7062987513411092_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your ADRB2 gene is associated with somewhat reduced receptor activity. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of chronic pain, just one gene related to it. Caffeine may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
294 | content_recommendation_4461797764425566_key == 4461797764425566
294 | content_recommendation_4461797764425566_blur == True
294 | content_recommendation_4461797764425566_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs11959113,rs1042713,rs2053044,rs12654778,rs1042711,rs1801704
rsStatus = rs11959113,,chr5,148848933,G,A,C,,5,24,HET
rsStatus = rs1042713,ADRB2,chr5,148826877,G,A,C,,38,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs2053044,ADRB2,chr5,148825809,A,C,G,T,27,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs12654778,ADRB2,chr5,148826178,G,A,C,,25,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs1042711,ADRB2,chr5,148826785,C,A,G,T,35,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs1801704,ADRB2,chr5,148826812,C,A,T,,38,0,Normal
