432 | id == 432
432 | category_id == 26
432 | category_order == 23
432 | category_name == Allergies
432 | category_color == #C47AC0
432 | slug == SMAD3-allergies
432 | title == Can Allergies Cause Permanent Tissue Changes? (SMAD3)
432 | meta_description == The TGFb/SMAD3 pathway has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Could SMAD3 variants lead to permanent tissue damage?
432 | summary == <p><strong>The TGFb/SMAD3 pathway has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Could <em>SMAD3 </em>variants lead to permanent tissue damage in people with allergies? Find out here.</strong></p>
432 | overall_score_text == Your Allergy Score (based on SMAD3)
432 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/SMAD3-Allergies.jpg
432 | author_id == 1
432 | author_name == Jasmine Foster
432 | author_title == BSc, BEd
432 | author_order == 36
432 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Jasmine.jpg
432 | author_intro == <p><strong>Jasmine received her BS from McGill University and her BEd from Vancouver Island University.</strong></p>    <p>Jasmine loves helping people understand their brains and bodies, a passion that grew out of her dual background in biology and education. From the chem lab to the classroom, everyone has the right to learn and make informed decisions about their health.</p>
432 | reviewer == None
432 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
432 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
432 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
432 | publish_date == 2020
432 | publish_date == 10
432 | publish_date == 22
432 | avg_rating == 5.0
432 | tags_id == 170
432 | tags_name == Air Pollution
432 | tags_id == 860
432 | tags_name == Allergic Diseases
432 | tags_id == 97
432 | tags_name == Allergies
432 | tags_id == 98
432 | tags_name == Asthma
432 | tags_id == 24
432 | tags_name == Inflammation
432 | tags_id == 785
432 | tags_name == TGF-beta
432 | permissions_favorite == False
432 | permissions_rate == False
432 | content_article == <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">encodes mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may play a role in allergies by enhancing the inflammatory effects of TGF-beta. Lifestyle, diet, and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of these variants by preventing TGF-beta-induced tissue damage.</span></p> <h2><strong><em>SMAD3 </em></strong><strong>and Allergies</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene encodes a protein called mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3. This protein transmits signals from the surface of cells into the nucleus, where the DNA is stored [</span><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/smad3/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=4088"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3 is activated by </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/tgf/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">TGF-beta</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a cytokine that affects the growth, proliferation, and repair of many cell types. TGF-beta is essential for survival, and it can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9611771"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In asthma, TGF-beta is assumed to promote allergen tolerance [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20941619"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ongoing studies are looking to see if TGF-beta in the gut area can help create </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/oral-tolerance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">oral tolerance</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in people with food allergies. TGF-beta may promote the formation of </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/treg/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tregs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a type of immune cell that prevents inflammatory reactions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807570/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some research suggests that the anti-inflammatory functions of TGF-beta are accomplished through SMAD3 activation. In the absence of SMAD3, TGF-beta cannot block the production of inflammatory cytokines; in this way, low SMAD3 may make cells and tissues more susceptible to hypersensitivity reactions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-12-49"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, high TGF-beta levels have been linked to irreversible tissue changes in the airways and in other systems. SMAD3 may be the key to triggering the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta and reducing the risk of permanent damage [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20941619"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/28041981"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">SMAD3 is activated by TGF-beta and may regulate this cytokine&rsquo;s anti-inflammatory effects. In the absence of SMAD3, TGF-beta has no anti-inflammatory effect and can cause permanent tissue damage.</span></p> <h2><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>SMAD3</em></strong><strong> Results for Allergies</strong></h2> <p>*1895311394319703*</p> <p><strong>SMAD3 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs17228058/"><strong>rs17228058</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Not associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele may reduce SMAD3 activity, thereby blocking the anti-inflammatory action of TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>SMAD3 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs72743461/"><strong>rs72743461</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Not associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;A&rsquo; allele may reduce SMAD3 activity, thereby blocking the anti-inflammatory action of TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>SMAD3 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs56062135/"><strong>rs56062135</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Not associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele may reduce SMAD3 activity, thereby blocking the anti-inflammatory action of TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>SMAD3 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs17294280/"><strong>rs17294280</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Not associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;G&rsquo; allele may reduce SMAD3 activity, thereby blocking the anti-inflammatory action of TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>SMAD3 </strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs17293632/"><strong>rs17293632</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Not associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Associated with allergic disorders</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele may reduce SMAD3 activity, thereby blocking the anti-inflammatory action of TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001039/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p>*8533626644685177*</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations for Preventing Allergic Tissue Damage</strong></h2> <p>*5835868354091975*</p> <p><strong>Note</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">: SMAD3 activation is inextricably linked to TGF-beta. However, in people with low-expression SMAD3 variants, increasing TGF-beta is unlikely to be beneficial, because TGF-beta&rsquo;s other inflammatory functions will probably still dominate. Thus, these recommendations focus on preventing the potentially damaging effects of high TGF-beta without SMAD3.</span></p> <h3><strong>Avoid Air Pollution</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">TGF-beta without SMAD3 fails to block inflammation and may lead to irreversible tissue changes. Air pollution may cause lung damage by triggering an increase in TGF-beta; this could be especially dangerous for people with detrimental </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variants [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20941619"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/28041981"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research has associated exposure to air pollution with higher odds of allergic conditions, especially asthma and allergic rhinitis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192198/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034084/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803404/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Try spending more time in nature and non-industrialized environments to prevent and relieve allergies.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Air pollution increases TGF-beta, which may cause irreversible tissue damage, especially in people whose </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SMAD3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene fails to produce anti-inflammatory signals.</span></span></p> <h3><strong>Vitamin E</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice, increased </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/vitamin-e-can-help-fertility-pregnancy/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin E</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> intake prevented tissue damage from elevated TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22619900/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several studies have associated high intake of vitamin E with a reduced incidence of asthma, while a diet poor in this vitamin increases the risk. Similarly, some people with asthma have lower levels of this vitamin in the blood and lungs [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7735592/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16763215/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745426/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10731863/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10465176/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Food sources of vitamin E include wheat germ, nuts, sunflower and sesame seeds, and their respective plant oils [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956867/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Increased vitamin E intake may help prevent the tissue damage caused by high TGF-beta.</span></p> <h3><strong>Caffeine</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In cell studies, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/caffeine-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">caffeine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> strongly inhibits the detrimental tissue changes triggered by TGF-beta [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486259/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a review of 7 clinical studies, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/caffeine-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">caffeine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> can help open the airways and relieve bronchitis symptoms including wheezing, coughing, and breathlessness. The effect is similar to that of the anti-asthmatic drug </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/xanthines/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">theophylline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Theophylline and caffeine are very similar in structure but caffeine&rsquo;s effects are shorter-lived (they last only up to 4 hours) [</span><a href="https://www.cochrane.org/CD001112/AIRWAYS_the-effect-of-caffeine-in-people-with-asthma"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7053252/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Caffeine blocks the tissue changes caused by TGF-beta. It also opens up the airways and improves breathing for a short period of time.</span></p>
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432 | content_learn_more_8533626644685177_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your SMAD3 gene is somewhat associated with allergic disease. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of allergies; it’s just one gene related to it. Vitamin E, caffeine, and avoiding air pollution may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs17228058,rs17294280,rs17293632,rs72743461,rs56062135
rsStatus = rs17228058,SMAD3,chr15,67157967,A,G,T,,35,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs17294280,SMAD3,chr15,67175947,A,G,,,28,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs17293632,SMAD3,chr15,67150258,C,A,T,,26,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs72743461,SMAD3,chr15,67149412,C,A,T,,37,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs56062135,SMAD3,chr15,67163292,C,T,,,37,0,Normal
