44 | id == 44
44 | category_id == 14
44 | category_order == 12
44 | category_name == Nutrition
44 | category_color == #C47AC0
44 | slug == choline-deficiency-PEMT
44 | title == The Role of Genes in Choline Deficiency (PEMT)
44 | meta_description == One variation in the PEMT gene is strongly associated with choline deficiency. Check your genes and get personalized tips here.
44 | summary == <p><strong>Choline deficiency can cause liver and muscle damage in no time. Certain PEMT variants are associated with choline deficiency, but it depends on other factors. Learn more about the role of PEMT in choline metabolism.</strong></p>
44 | overall_score_text == Choline Score (based on PEMT gene)
44 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/PEMT-and-Choline-Deficiency_JPG.jpg
44 | author_id == 9
44 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
44 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
44 | author_order == 45
44 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
44 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
44 | reviewer_id == 1
44 | reviewer_name == Jasmine Foster
44 | reviewer_title == BSc, BEd
44 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
44 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
44 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
44 | publish_date == 2019
44 | publish_date == 9
44 | publish_date == 12
44 | avg_rating == 4.666666666666667
44 | tags_id == 131
44 | tags_name == Choline
44 | tags_id == 133
44 | tags_name == Estrogen
44 | tags_id == 128
44 | tags_name == Fatty Liver
44 | tags_id == 142
44 | tags_name == Liver
44 | tags_id == 130
44 | tags_name == PEMT Gene
44 | tags_id == 132
44 | tags_name == Phosphatidylcholine
44 | permissions_favorite == False
44 | permissions_rate == False
44 | content_article == <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choline: A Vital Nutrient</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Before diving into genetics, let&rsquo;s see why you should care about getting enough </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">choline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in the first place. Your body needs this nutrient for [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Brain, liver, and muscle health</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fetal development</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fat transport and metabolism</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell structure and signaling</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choline deficiency can cause liver and muscle damage in just a few weeks. An expectant mother&rsquo;s poor choline status is associated with neural tube defects and other anomalies [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906248"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2438605/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430654/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451849/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to data from 2003-2004, around 90% of people don&rsquo;t get enough of this nutrient [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Choline is essential for brain and liver health, fetal development, fat metabolism, and more. Choline deficiency affects up to 90% of people; it can result in liver and muscle damage.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">The PEMT Gene and Choline</span></h2> <p><a title="The role of PEMT in choline metabolism" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157578" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=medium&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103412.g001" alt="The role of PEMT in choline metabolism" width="600" height="363" /></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">During evolution, our bodies came up with a way to produce choline in the absence of food sources&mdash;that&rsquo;s where </span><a href="../../gene/pemt/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> kicks in.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT encodes an enzyme (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) which produces </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-phosphatidylcholine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">phosphatidylcholine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (PC). It converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into PC, using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) as a methyl group donor [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10400"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PC can then release choline and, to a certain extent, compensate for the lack of this nutrient. PEMT is mainly expressed in the liver and accounts for 30% of liver PC production [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184426"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536089"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This enzyme is crucial for maintaining liver choline levels. PEMT-deficient mice lack choline in the liver, despite the adequate intake and supplementation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12466019/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">PEMT encodes an enzyme that produces phosphatidylcholine and choline in the liver. It can make up for a mild choline deficiency due to poor diet.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Men vs. Women &mdash; the Power of Estrogen</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Compared with men and postmenopausal women, younger women are almost two times less likely to develop fatty liver and muscle damage due to choline deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2435503/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611383/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/estradiol-cognitive-function/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Estrogen</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> boosts PEMT activity in the liver. High levels of estrogen during pregnancy and breastfeeding ensure proper choline supply for a growing baby [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430895/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2441939/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT Variations and Choline Deficiency</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*4641780891694984*</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A 2006 study identified one PEMT variation, </span><a href="../../snp/rs12325817/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs12325817</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, strongly associated with choline deficiency. Women with a &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele were 25 times more likely to experience organ damage on a low-choline diet (&lt;50 mg/70 kg daily) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Further analysis revealed that postmenopausal women were driving this connection, with the rates for ladies with the &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele being 42 times higher! In men and younger women, this variation had a lower impact [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That said, a small sample of just 57 participants (31 women) calls for further investigation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The research team added 33 women to the study and identified four additional variants with a weaker effect: </span><a href="../../snp/rs4646343/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4646343</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-T, </span><a href="../../snp/rs3760188/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs3760188</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-T, </span><a href="../../snp/rs1531100/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs1531100</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-A, and </span><a href="../../snp/rs4646365/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4646365</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-T. The last two were significant only in postmenopausal women and their impact was marginal [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062831/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fatty liver is usually the first clinical sign of choline deficiency. One PEMT variant, </span><a href="../../snp/rs7946/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs7946</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-T,&nbsp; correlates with fatty liver and reduced choline supply. If you have this variant, you&rsquo;re more likely to experience liver damage due to poor choline intake, sedentary lifestyle, and overeating [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1256033/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063264/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The "G" allele on rs12325817 and five more PEMT variants correlate with organ damage due to choline deficiency. Their impact is strongest among postmenopausal women.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">How It Works</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The authors conducted lab experiments to figure out the mechanisms at play. They found that the PEMT variant makes the gene less responsive to estrogen stimulation. It prevents estrogen from binding to this gene and boosting its expression [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062831/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3020773/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As a result, PEMT activity drops, the liver doesn&rsquo;t make enough choline to prevent deficiency, and organ damage kicks in.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Premenopausal women usually have estrogen levels high enough to overcome this effect, while men's PEMT doesn't rely on estrogen that much. That's why the impact of PEMT variations was the strongest in postmenopausal women with low estrogen [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Apparently, you should pay special attention to your PEMT risk alleles if you are a postmenopausal woman.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Specific variants can make PEMT less responsive to estrogen stimulation, reducing its ability to produce choline. Postmenopausal women are more susceptible to this effect due to low estrogen.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Your PEMT Results for Choline Deficiency</span></h2> <p>*4641780891694984*</p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">SNP Summary and Table</span></h3> <p><strong>Primary SNP:</strong></p> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs12325817/"><strong>rs12325817</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Other important SNPs:</strong></p> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs4646343/"><strong>rs4646343</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs3760188/"><strong>rs3760188</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs7946/"><strong>rs7946</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs1531100/"><strong>rs1531100</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs4646365/"><strong>rs4646365</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Doesn&rsquo;t correlate with choline deficiency</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Correlates with choline deficiency</span></li> </ul> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population frequency</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All five variants are more common among people of European ancestry, compared with other populations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first three&mdash;rs12325817, rs4646343, rs3760188&mdash;are almost always inherited together, which means you will either have all 'negative' alleles or none of them. For these variants:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around </span><strong>23% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have the problematic genotypes: GG, TT, TT</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">These genotypes are nearly non-existent among African and Asian descendants</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For the third variation, rs7946:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>50% of European descendants</strong> have the problematic &ldquo;TT&rdquo; genotype</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">2-4% of Asian descendants have this genotype</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The last two&mdash;rs1531100 and rs4646365&mdash;are always inherited together. For these variations:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around</span><strong> 28% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have the problematic genotypes: AA and TT</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 10% of African and Asian descendants have these genotypes</span></li> </ul> <p>*5252369250428768*</p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recommendations to Improve Choline Status</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Please discuss your genetic data with your doctor before applying the recommendations below; they are for informational purposes only.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">*1022913491286365*</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diet</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pay special attention to dietary </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">choline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> intake. As long as you get enough from food, lower PEMT activity won&rsquo;t have that much of an impact. In most cases of choline deficiency, reintroducing choline into a diet reversed the signs and symptoms of organ damage [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574369/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Institute of Medicine recommends the following intakes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193625"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Adult men: 550 mg/day</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Adult females: 425 mg/day</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pregnant women: 450 mg/day</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nursing women: 550 mg/day</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The best food sources of choline include [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579689/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beef liver: 356 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eggs: 147 mg per serving (1 large egg)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chicken breast: 72 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Codfish: 71 mg per serving (3 oz)</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, two ounces of beef liver and two eggs would meet your daily requirements. According to a large survey, people who don't eat eggs or take supplements are much less likely to get enough choline [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579632/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vegans and vegetarians don't seem to be at a higher risk of choline deficiency, because their bodies produce more to compensate for lower intake. However, these PEMT variations may impair choline production and put them in danger [</span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22691-1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you are vegan or vegetarian and you have the above PEMT variants, consider supplementing with choline.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Good plant-based choline sources are [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579689/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shiitake mushrooms: 58 mg per serving (&frac12; cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/quinoa/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quinoa</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">42.5 mg per serving (1 cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Broccoli: 31.3 mg per serving (&frac12; cup)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Peanuts: 18.3 mg per serving (1 oz)</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">If you have problematic PEMT variants, make sure to get enough choline from food. The best sources include eggs, beef liver, codfish, chicken, shiitake mushrooms, and quinoa.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplements</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choline</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choline is available in different supplement forms:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-phosphatidylcholine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phosphatidylcholine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (PC)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Citicoline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (CDP-choline)</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alpha-GPC</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lecithin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lecithin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They all supply choline, but each one has unique health perks you may prefer. Check out our posts above to find out which one is best for you.</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">So is it all about getting enough choline? No! Certain supplements target PEMT directly.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">S-adenosylmethionine or </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/s-adenosyl-l-methionine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">SAM-e</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> enhances PEMT activity by supplying a methyl group. More SAM-e means your liver can make more choline and prevent deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877991"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2910850"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p>According to limited clinical evidence, SAM-e may help with fatty liver, which is the most common sign of choline deficiency [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361566/">R</a>].</p> <p>Keep in mind that most supplements can't be used to treat or prevent a medical condition.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Besides getting enough choline from food and supplements, you may boost PEMT activity with the help of SAM-e.</span></p>
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44 | content_learn_more_4641780891694984_text == Your PEMT variants correlate with slightly higher rates of choline deficiency. If you notice signs of liver or muscle damage, increase your dietary intake and consider taking supplements that boost your PEMT. Keep reading for more details.
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44 | content_recommendation_1022913491286365_blur == True
44 | content_recommendation_1022913491286365_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs4646365,rs7946,rs12325817,rs1531100,rs3760188,rs4646343
rsStatus = rs4646365,PEMT,chr17,17564469,C,A,T,,26,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs7946,PEMT,chr17,17506246,C,T,,,25,11,HET
rsStatus = rs12325817,PEMT,chr17,17583205,C,A,G,T,34,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs1531100,PEMT,chr17,17561514,G,A,C,,7,25,HET
rsStatus = rs3760188,PEMT,chr17,17584126,C,T,,,19,13,HET
rsStatus = rs4646343,PEMT,chr17,17588763,G,A,T,,35,0,Normal
