486 | id == 486
486 | category_id == 28
486 | category_order == 25
486 | category_name == Joint Inflammation
486 | category_color == #C47AC0
486 | slug == CD28-rheumatoid-arthritis
486 | title == A Gene That Regulates T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CD28)
486 | meta_description == CD28 encodes a receptor that regulates the growth and activation of T cells. What is its relationship to rheumatoid arthritis?
486 | summary == <p><strong><em>CD28 </em>encodes a receptor that regulates the growth and activation of T cells. What is its relationship to rheumatoid arthritis? Read on to find out.</strong></p>
486 | overall_score_text == Your Arthritis Score (based on CD28)
486 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/CD28-Rheumatoid-arthritis.jpg
486 | author_id == 1
486 | author_name == Jasmine Foster
486 | author_title == BSc, BEd
486 | author_order == 36
486 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Jasmine.jpg
486 | author_intro == <p><strong>Jasmine received her BS from McGill University and her BEd from Vancouver Island University.</strong></p>    <p>Jasmine loves helping people understand their brains and bodies, a passion that grew out of her dual background in biology and education. From the chem lab to the classroom, everyone has the right to learn and make informed decisions about their health.</p>
486 | reviewer == None
486 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
486 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
486 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
486 | publish_date == 2020
486 | publish_date == 11
486 | publish_date == 17
486 | avg_rating == 5.0
486 | tags_id == 33
486 | tags_name == Autoimmunity
486 | tags_id == 945
486 | tags_name == CD28 Gene
486 | tags_id == 95
486 | tags_name == Immune System
486 | tags_id == 82
486 | tags_name == Rheumatoid Arthritis
486 | tags_id == 946
486 | tags_name == Rheumatoid Factor
486 | tags_id == 442
486 | tags_name == T Cells
486 | permissions_favorite == False
486 | permissions_rate == False
486 | content_article == <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD28 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;encodes a receptor that stimulates the growth and activation of T cells. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD28</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis by promoting the production of autoantibodies. Lifestyle, diet, and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of these variants by increasing the number of certain types of T cells that express CD28.</span></p> <h2><strong><em>CD28</em></strong><strong> and Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd28/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD28 </span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene encodes a receptor that stimulates the development and activation of certain types of T cells [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8617933/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD28 is typically activated along with other stimulatory receptors, such as CD40 and TCR. The combined signals of CD28 and other receptors leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines as part of an immune response [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8617933/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Variants in the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD28</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene may make the immune system more likely to produce </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/rheumatoid-factor/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rheumatoid factor</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a type of antibody that can attack and destroy the body&rsquo;s own joint and connective tissues [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">People who are early in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis tend to produce a higher than normal number of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that express CD3 and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/homing-fundamenal-cause-epstein-barr-reactivation/#Top_Supplements_to_Increase_CD8_T_Cells"><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD8</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, but not CD28. Rheumatoid arthritis patients also often produce white blood cells that express CD4, but not CD28. CD28 in these combinations may help prevent the production of harmful rheumatoid factor [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7214714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The CD28 receptor stimulates the growth and activation of certain types of T cells. T cells that express combinations of CD receptors, but not CD28, are more common in people with rheumatoid arthritis.</span></p> <h2><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>CD28</em></strong><strong> Results for Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p>*2332834521196367*</p> <p><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd28/"><strong>CD28</strong></a> <a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs1980422/"><strong>rs1980422</strong></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/30423114"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/26546613"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Not associated with rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Associated with higher rates of rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;C&rsquo; allele may decrease presentation of CD28 on certain T cells, potentially leading to the production of rheumatoid factor antibodies [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7214714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p>*9866923444522353*</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations for Reducing Arthritic Inflammation</strong></h2> <p>*6994654768683686*</p> <h3><strong>Avoid Cigarettes</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice exposed to cigarette smoke, T cells expressing CD8 but not CD28 were significantly more common than in mice not exposed. High levels of these T cells are, in turn, associated with rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7214714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193924/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smoking is one of the strongest environmental risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898190/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11085797"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An observational study of 296 people found that 88% of smokers tested positive for </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/rheumatoid-factor/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rheumatoid factor</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> over a period of 10 years. Also, the rheumatoid factor-positive group of people contained more smokers than the rheumatoid factor-negative group [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9833699"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The risk of high rheumatoid factor levels was 4 times higher in current smokers than in people who never smoked, according to an observational study of 7,124 people. In another study of 100 people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rheumatoid factors were more than twice as high in current and former smokers than in people who never smoked [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1004225/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403829"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smoking the equivalent of 1 pack (20 cigarettes) a day for 25 years was linked to a 3-fold increase in the risk of elevated rheumatoid factor in a study of 336 RA patients. What&rsquo;s more, rheumatoid factor levels were directly linked to the number of years smoked in two studies of 673 people with RA [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306868"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10743800"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11085797"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Exposure to cigarette smoke may promote rheumatoid arthritis by stimulating the growth of T cells that express CD8 but not CD28.</span></p> <h3><strong>Sunlight &amp; Vitamin D</strong></h3> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/35proven-health-benefits-vitamin-d-part-1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin D</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> deficiency is associated with increased numbers of T cells expressing CD8, but not CD28. As previously discussed, this type of T cell is associated with rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22489804/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165060/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193924/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Unsurprisingly, </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/35proven-health-benefits-vitamin-d-part-1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin D</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> deficiency is also more common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539179/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study of nurses found that those with greater exposure to UVB rays from the </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sun</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> had the lowest rates of rheumatoid arthritis. Another study found that people who live further from the equator (who are likely to be exposed to less </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sunlight</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on average) are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678095/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920915/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to multiple studies, people with a higher intake of vitamin D appear less likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis. However, there are conflicting reports on whether supplementing with vitamin D can improve </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/pain-management/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in existing rheumatoid arthritis cases [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466211/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004229/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Vitamin D deficiency is associated with both rheumatoid arthritis and higher levels of T cells that express CD8 but not CD28.</span></p> <h3><strong>Aquatic Exercise</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Physical activity appears to regulate CD28 expression on T cells, especially in elderly people. Older patients who exercised had increased numbers of T cells expression CD28 and healthier </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th1-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th1</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">/</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-people-th2-dominant/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th2</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> balance compared to those who were sedentary [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19203082/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21685807/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Aquatic </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-14-proven-health-benefits-exercise-references-mechanisms/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">exercise</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which is most commonly recommended to people with rheumatoid arthritis, describes any type of physical activity that takes place either partially or fully submerged in water. These activities can allow people to maintain physical fitness and reap the benefits of exercise even when they are not fully mobile out of the water [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5931167/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2 clinical trials of over 250 people with rheumatoid arthritis comparing the effects of different types of exercise, aquatic exercise produced the greatest </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/pain-management/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reduction [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8971230/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1821024/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">In the elderly, physical activity increases the number of T cells expressing CD28 and promotes a healthier Th1/Th2 balance. Aquatic exercise is a recommended form of physical activity for people with rheumatoid arthritis.</span></p>
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486 | content_learn_more_9866923444522353_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your CD28 gene is somewhat associated with autoimmune inflammation. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of rheumatoid arthritis; it’s just one gene related to it. Sun exposure, aquatic exercise, and avoiding cigarettes may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs1980422
rsStatus = rs1980422,,chr2,203745673,C,A,T,,42,0,Normal
