488 | id == 488
488 | category_id == 28
488 | category_order == 25
488 | category_name == Joint Inflammation
488 | category_color == #C47AC0
488 | slug == CD2-CD101-rheumatoid-arthritis
488 | title == T Cells & Tregs in Autoimmunity & Rheumatoid Arthritis (CD2/CD101)
488 | meta_description == CD2 & CD101 are two closely related genes that regulate T cell and Treg activity. How do they play into rheumatoid arthritis?
488 | summary == <p><strong><em>CD2 </em>&amp; <em>CD101 </em>are two closely related genes that regulate T cell and Treg activity. How do they play into rheumatoid arthritis? Find out here.</strong></p>
488 | overall_score_text == Your Arthritis Score (based on CD2/CD101)
488 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/CD2-CD101-Rheumatoid-arthritis.jpg
488 | author_id == 1
488 | author_name == Jasmine Foster
488 | author_title == BSc, BEd
488 | author_order == 36
488 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Jasmine.jpg
488 | author_intro == <p><strong>Jasmine received her BS from McGill University and her BEd from Vancouver Island University.</strong></p>    <p>Jasmine loves helping people understand their brains and bodies, a passion that grew out of her dual background in biology and education. From the chem lab to the classroom, everyone has the right to learn and make informed decisions about their health.</p>
488 | reviewer == None
488 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
488 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
488 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
488 | publish_date == 2020
488 | publish_date == 11
488 | publish_date == 18
488 | avg_rating == 5.0
488 | tags_id == 33
488 | tags_name == Autoimmunity
488 | tags_id == 951
488 | tags_name == CD101 Gene
488 | tags_id == 950
488 | tags_name == CD2 Gene
488 | tags_id == 95
488 | tags_name == Immune System
488 | tags_id == 24
488 | tags_name == Inflammation
488 | tags_id == 82
488 | tags_name == Rheumatoid Arthritis
488 | tags_id == 442
488 | tags_name == T Cells
488 | tags_id == 104
488 | tags_name == Tregs
488 | permissions_favorite == False
488 | permissions_rate == False
488 | content_article == <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD101</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> encode two white blood cell surface proteins. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD101</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis by increasing inflammatory T cells and reducing Tregs. Lifestyle, diet, and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of these variants by increasing Tregs and correcting the balance between different types of T cells.</span></p> <h2><strong><em>CD2/CD101</em></strong><strong> and Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A variant that may affect the function or expression of either the </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD2</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd101/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD101 </span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">gene has been associated with increased rates of rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/30423114"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> encodes cluster of differentiation 2, a protein found on the surface of some types of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. CD2 helps T cells develop and move around the body, promoting an immune response. </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CD101 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">encodes cluster of differentiation 101, also known as </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">IGSF2 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">or immunoglobulin superfamily member 2. CD101 is similarly expressed on the surface of some white blood cells, but it is believed to have an anti-inflammatory function [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121048/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142887/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9398"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both CD2 and CD101 have been implicated in a variety of diseases, which isn&rsquo;t surprising given their presence on important immune cells. The most significant of these associations is with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142887/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946809/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415474/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a modified version of CD2 on their T cells that increases the intensity of the immune response. Some researchers believe that preventing CD2 from interacting with other immune molecules, especially CD58, may help slow the progression of arthritic disease [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1715605/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3707497/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By contrast, CD101 is believed to increase the activity of </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/treg/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Treg</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells, which are anti-inflammatory and prevent immune reactions to harmless triggers [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6568395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">CD2 and CD101 are both linked to a variant associated with rheumatoid arthritis. CD2 increases the activity of certain T cells, while CD101 promotes anti-inflammatory Tregs.</span></p> <h2><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>CD2/CD101</em></strong><strong> Results for Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p>*6719316910778595*</p> <p><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd2/"><strong>CD2</strong></a><strong>/</strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/cd101/"><strong>CD101</strong></a> <a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs624988/"><strong>rs624988</strong></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/30423114"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Not associated with rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Associated with relatively increased rates of rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;T&rsquo; allele may alter the activity of both pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1715605/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6568395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p>*3023287989599066*</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations for Reducing Arthritic Inflammation</strong></h2> <p>*9119472480541149*</p> <h3><strong>CBD Oil</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a laboratory setting, exposure to </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/cbd-oil-for-arthritis/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">CBD oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activates anti-inflammatory Tregs. These Tregs became active even under circumstances that would otherwise suppress their anti-inflammatory action, which would be especially helpful in people with high CD2 and low CD101 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327652/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6568395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a small study of 58 rheumatoid arthritis patients, a </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-6-unique-super-effective-ways-counteract-negative-performance-effects-cannabismarijuana/?utm_source=seo&amp;#38;utm_medium=selfhacked&amp;#38;utm_campaign=id00002"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cannabis</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> extract containing both </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/cbd-oil-for-arthritis/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">CBD</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/tetrahydrocannabinol-thc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">THC</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> significantly reduced pain and quality of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-sleep/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sleep</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Some research suggests that the combination of CBD and THC is more effective than CBD alone; however, CBD oil is much more readily available and considered non-psychoactive [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16282192/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice with this condition, oral and injected CBD relieved inflammation and slowed the joint damage progression. CBD also prevented T cells and joint cells (synoviocytes) from reproducing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (</span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/article/tnf-thyroid-health-89"><span style="font-weight: 400;">TNF</span></a><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-lifestyle-factors-influence-tnf-interleukin-6-il-6/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">-alpha</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/interferon-gamma-how-to-increase-decrease-high-low-levels/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IFN-gamma</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16904/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similarly, a topical CBD gel reduced joint swelling, pain, and the levels of inflammatory markers (such as TNF-alpha) in the nerves of rats with rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, synthetic CBD-like compounds reduced inflammation, pain perception, and joint damage in mice and rats with this type of arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683763"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15022343"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4576666/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two studies in humans and dogs found that animals with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis had higher levels of both CB receptors and several </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/49-ways-increase-natural-cannabinoids-without-smoking-pot-including-ways-decrease-cannabinoids/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cannabinoids</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in the joints. This suggests that the body activates the endocannabinoid system to fight arthritis. In line with this, increasing cannabinoids may be a good therapeutic strategy [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453762/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5674828/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">CBD oil may correct the downstream effects of dysfunctional CD2 and CD101. It has also shown promise as a supplement in rheumatoid arthritis patients.</span></p> <h3><strong>Omega-3 Fatty Acids</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3s, and especially </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">DHA</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, increase Treg levels in cell and mouse studies. This may be helpful for people with low or dysfunctional CD101 [</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15372936"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672122/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6568395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies suggest that increased dietary intake of </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">omega-3</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> fatty acids may protect against rheumatoid arthritis. In a meta-analysis of 20 clinical trials, higher omega-3 consumption improved rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and lab markers [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634864/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28965775/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Good dietary omega-3 sources include [</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish and seafood</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/flaxseed-oil-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Flaxseed</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chia seeds</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Walnuts</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/hemp-seeds/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hemp seeds</span></a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Omega-3 fatty acids such as those found in fish, seeds, and nuts may help protect against rheumatoid arthritis by increasing Tregs.</span></p> <h3><strong>Fish Oil</strong></h3> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the richest source of DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid that increases Tregs [</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15372936"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672122/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6568395/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplementation with fish oil may lower the activity of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12480795"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11802309"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A meta-analysis of 17 trials found that supplemental fish oil reduced inflammatory joint </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/pain-management/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335973"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In one study of 250 patients, omega-3&rsquo;s were as effective as ibuprofen in reducing pain caused by arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16531187"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Resolvins found in EPA and DHA appear to prevent certain inflammatory cytokines such as </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/article/tnf-longevity-86"><span style="font-weight: 400;">TNF</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-&alpha; from inducing pain [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20383154/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Fish oil is the richest source of DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid that increases Tregs and may help improve the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.</span></p> <h3><strong><em>Lactobacillus casei</em></strong><strong> Probiotics</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mice, </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/l-casei/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lactobacillus casei</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> probiotics significantly increased Tregs and reduced cytokines in the blood [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5370538/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2 clinical trials on over 100 people with rheumatoid arthritis, supplementation with a </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lactobacillus casei</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> strain for 8 weeks reduced joint pain and inflammation [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24673738/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This strain also relieved rheumatoid arthritis in mice and rats [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21810608/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20838859/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18804867/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> casei</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> probiotics may improve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms by increasing Tregs.</span></span></p>
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488 | content_learn_more_3023287989599066_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your CD2/CD101 genes are somewhat associated with arthritic inflammation. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of rheumatoid arthritis; it’s just one variant related to it. CBD oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and L. casei probiotics may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
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rsIDs = rs624988
rsStatus = rs624988,,chr1,116721168,T,A,C,,33,0,Normal
