504 | id == 504
504 | category_id == 28
504 | category_order == 25
504 | category_name == Joint Inflammation
504 | category_color == #C47AC0
504 | slug == TYK2-rheumatoid-arthritis
504 | title == Adjusting Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TYK2)
504 | meta_description == The TYK2 gene encodes tyrosine kinase 2, which regulates interferons and cytokines. What is its role in rheumatoid arthritis?
504 | summary == <p><strong>The <em>TYK2 </em>gene encodes tyrosine kinase 2, which regulates interferons and cytokines. What is its role in rheumatoid arthritis? Find out here.</strong></p>
504 | overall_score_text == Your Arthritis Score (based on TYK2)
504 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/ICAM3-TYK2-ICAM5-ICAM1-Rheumatoid-arthritis.jpg
504 | author_id == 1
504 | author_name == Jasmine Foster
504 | author_title == BSc, BEd
504 | author_order == 36
504 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Jasmine.jpg
504 | author_intro == <p><strong>Jasmine received her BS from McGill University and her BEd from Vancouver Island University.</strong></p>    <p>Jasmine loves helping people understand their brains and bodies, a passion that grew out of her dual background in biology and education. From the chem lab to the classroom, everyone has the right to learn and make informed decisions about their health.</p>
504 | reviewer == None
504 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
504 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
504 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
504 | publish_date == 2020
504 | publish_date == 11
504 | publish_date == 24
504 | avg_rating == 5.0
504 | tags_id == 33
504 | tags_name == Autoimmunity
504 | tags_id == 96
504 | tags_name == Cytokines
504 | tags_id == 426
504 | tags_name == IL-12
504 | tags_id == 402
504 | tags_name == IL-23
504 | tags_id == 95
504 | tags_name == Immune System
504 | tags_id == 24
504 | tags_name == Inflammation
504 | tags_id == 343
504 | tags_name == Interferons
504 | tags_id == 82
504 | tags_name == Rheumatoid Arthritis
504 | tags_id == 975
504 | tags_name == TYK2 Gene
504 | permissions_favorite == False
504 | permissions_rate == False
504 | content_article == <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> encodes tyrosine kinase 2. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis by altering the production of inflammatory cytokines. Lifestyle, diet, and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of these variants by decreasing IL-12 and IL-23.</span></p> <h2><strong><em>TYK2 </em></strong><strong>and Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/tyk2/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">gene encodes tyrosine kinase 2, a member of the </span><a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/jak2/?utm_source=seo&amp;#38;utm_medium=selfhacked&amp;#38;utm_campaign=id00002"><span style="font-weight: 400;">JAK</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> protein family. Members of the JAK family activate STAT (&lsquo;Signal transducer and activator of transcription&rsquo;) proteins in response to cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7297"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499974/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is believed to play a role in the antiviral immune response through the interferon pathways. Mutations that interfere with the function of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have been associated with immune deficiency [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7297"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other variants, however, may be protective against autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Multiple studies across different countries and ethnicities have found that the rare protective allele of one variant was significantly less common in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in the general population. [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605761/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6490405/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://ard.bmj.com/content/78/8/1062"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The TYK2 enzyme regulates multiple cytokine signals, significantly altering the expression of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23, among others. Mice without functional TYK2 have compromised IFN-&alpha;, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, but intact IL-6 and IL-10 pathways [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748334/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene encodes a JAK protein that regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and interferons. It plays a role in antiviral immunity and may promote autoimmune inflammation.</span></span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">A Secondary Association: </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ICAM3</span></em></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The major </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variant that appears to protect against rheumatoid arthritis, rs34536443, is physically close to another gene, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ICAM3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and may affect its expression as well [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605761/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/icam3/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ICAM3</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene encodes an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) that helps </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cells</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> stick to other tissues and move around the body. Researchers believe that, in addition to helping white blood cells move, ICAM3 sends important signals during an </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/natural-ways-lower-inflammation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">inflammatory</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> immune response. It has also been implicated in inflammatory signalling in cancer, and it helps clear dead white blood cells from the body [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3385"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5928798/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23775590/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The role of ICAM3 in rheumatoid arthritis is not well-studied, but it certainly contributes to inflammation and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-and-decrease-white-blood-cells/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">white blood cell</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> activity.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYK2</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> variant rs34536443 also affects </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ICAM3</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a cell adhesion protein that helps white blood cells move around the body.</span></span></p> <h2><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>TYK2 </em></strong><strong>Results for Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p>*5906487778434057*</p> <p><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/tyk2/"><strong>TYK2</strong></a> <a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs34536443/"><strong>rs34536443</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Associated with average rates of rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Possibly protective against rheumatoid arthritis</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &lsquo;C&rsquo; allele may reduce the activity of TYK2 and ICAM3 and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748334/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23775590/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></li> </ul> <p>*1751035883355305*</p> <h2><strong>Recommendations for Reducing Arthritic Inflammation</strong></h2> <p>*2975217584197953*</p> <h3><strong>Sunlight &amp; Vitamin D</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moderate </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sun exposure</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the best way to get natural </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">UV</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> light and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/35proven-health-benefits-vitamin-d-part-1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin D</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which both help suppress inflammation. Vitamin D supplementation lowered IL-12 levels in some human studies but not in others. In a study on 57 people with lupus, vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased IL-23 levels. Both IL-12 and IL-23 signals rely on TYK2 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6797739/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028071"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23184900"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27927883"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748334/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/35proven-health-benefits-vitamin-d-part-1/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin D</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> deficiency is more common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539179/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A study of nurses found that those with greater exposure to UVB rays from the sun had the lowest rates of rheumatoid arthritis. Another study found that people who live further from the equator (who are likely to be exposed to less </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sunlight</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on average) are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678095/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920915/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to multiple studies, people with a higher intake of vitamin D appear less likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis. However, there are conflicting reports on whether supplementing with vitamin D can improve </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/pain-management/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in existing rheumatoid arthritis cases [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730601/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466211/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004229/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Vitamin D supplementation decreases IL-12 and IL-23 and may improve the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.</span></p> <h3><strong>Omega-3 Fatty Acids</strong></h3> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> fatty acids found in fatty fish, EPA and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">DHA</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, may inhibit </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/th17/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Th17</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cells and lower the levels of </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/th17/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-17</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and IL-23. IL-23 signalling, in turn, relies on TYK2 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037798/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055457/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748334/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3 fats can also inhibit </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/blog/article/stat3-psoriasis-79"><span style="font-weight: 400;">STAT3</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a downstream target of the JAK enzymes [</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361365"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Studies suggest that increased dietary intake of </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">omega-3</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> fatty acids may protect against rheumatoid arthritis. In a meta-analysis of 20 clinical trials, higher omega-3 consumption improved rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and lab markers [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634864/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28965775/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Good dietary omega-3 sources include [</span><a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish and seafood</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/flaxseed-oil-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Flaxseed</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chia seeds</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Walnuts</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/hemp-seeds/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hemp seeds</span></a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish oil is also a good supplementary source of DHA and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">EPA</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Omega-3 fatty acids decrease IL-23 and may protect against rheumatoid arthritis.</span></p> <h3><strong>Thunder God Vine</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Celastrol, an active compound of </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/15-promising-thunder-god-vine-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">thunder god vine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tripterygium wilfordii</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">), may reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-12 and IL-23 [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26116162/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985506/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2 clinical trials, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/15-promising-thunder-god-vine-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">thunder god vine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> extract (60-360 mg/day) improved joint inflammation and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/23-ways-to-combat-pain-naturally-by-increasing-your-opioids/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from rheumatoid arthritis. It was more effective than the anti-rheumatic drug sulfasalazine in another trial on 62 people [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2509153"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12124856"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938780/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similarly, its tincture applied on the skin improved rheumatoid arthritis in a trial on 61 people [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610802"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thunder god vine and its active components also improved arthritis in multiple animal studies [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9716258"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884304"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9778100"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983598"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399624"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782267"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097618"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17354165"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952137"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25456434"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25529994"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23183089"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400; background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Celastrol, an active compound of thunder god vine, may decrease IL-12 and IL-23 and improve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.</span></p>
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rsIDs = rs34536443
rsStatus = rs34536443,TYK2,chr19,10352442,G,C,,,23,0,Normal
