512 | id == 512
512 | category_id == 28
512 | category_order == 25
512 | category_name == Joint Inflammation
512 | category_color == #C47AC0
512 | slug == PADI4-rheumatoid-arthritis
512 | title == Protein Modification & Rheumatoid Arthritis Progression (PADI4)
512 | meta_description == PADI4 helps modify proteins. Variants of PADI4 have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Read more here.
512 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>PADI4 helps modify amino acids found on proteins. How might variants of <em>PADI4</em> increase the risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Read more to find out.</strong></p>
512 | overall_score_text == Your Rheumatoid Arthritis Score (based on PADI4 gene)
512 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/PADI4-PADI6-PADI3-Rheumatoid-arthritis.jpg
512 | author_id == 14
512 | author_name == Shany Lahan
512 | author_title == MS (Neuroscience)
512 | author_order == 5
512 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Shany.webp
512 | author_intro == <p>Shany received her MSc in Neuroscience from Western University.</p>    <p>Prior to joining SelfDecode, Shany conducted research related to Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, and taught science to undergraduate students. She believes that research should be accessible to everyone, regardless of scientific background. Shany joined SelfDecode&nbsp;with a mission to help others optimize their health and wellbeing &ndash; as well as help them understand the science behind it all.</p>
512 | reviewer == None
512 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
512 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
512 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
512 | publish_date == 2020
512 | publish_date == 11
512 | publish_date == 27
512 | avg_rating == 5.0
512 | tags_id == 997
512 | tags_name == Arginine
512 | tags_id == 926
512 | tags_name == Autoantibodies
512 | tags_id == 33
512 | tags_name == Autoimmunity
512 | tags_id == 994
512 | tags_name == Citrullination
512 | tags_id == 996
512 | tags_name == Citrulline
512 | tags_id == 995
512 | tags_name == Deimination
512 | tags_id == 253
512 | tags_name == IL-6
512 | tags_id == 24
512 | tags_name == Inflammation
512 | tags_id == 993
512 | tags_name == PADI4 Gene
512 | permissions_favorite == False
512 | permissions_rate == False
512 | content_article == <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>PADI4 </em>modulates proteins that are targeted by antibodies. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis by increasing PADI4 levels and promoting the production of these antibodies. Diet and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">risk variants by lowering the production of an immune protein that activates </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>PADI4 </em></strong><strong>and Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/padi4/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4</span></em></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">gene codes for peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), an enzyme that helps convert the amino acid </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/l-arginine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">arginine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to the amino acid </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-of-l-citrulline/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">citrulline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This conversion is known as </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">deimination</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, or </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">citrullination</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23569"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Citrullination is required for many proteins to function properly. However, excessive citrullination of a protein may lead to its inactivation, and may alter its shape to such an extent that the immune system would no longer be able to recognize it as a normal part of the body [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848217/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558653/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indeed, in the autoimmune disorder rheumatoid arthritis, citrullinated joint proteins may mistakenly be detected as foreign by components of the immune system. This may lead to the production of autoantibodies -- antibodies that target parts of the body [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848217/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558653/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A number of immune proteins have been reported to exacerbate the production of PADI4, including </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/interleukin-6/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IL-6</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6606081/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Similar to the effects of IL-6, these variants may increase the production or activity of PADI4, resulting in the excessive citrullination of joint proteins and the production of autoantibodies [</span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/23143596"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467986/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/30423114"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605761/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848217/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>PADI4 </em></strong><strong>Results for Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*6607208934895841*</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Primary SNP</strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>PADI4 </em></strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs2240335/"><strong>rs2240335</strong></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/23143596"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Higher odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;A&rsquo;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Lower odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;C&rsquo;</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Other Important SNPs</strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>PADI4 </em></strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs2301888/"><strong>rs2301888</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944098/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467986/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/30423114"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Higher odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;A&rsquo;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Lower odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;G&rsquo;</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>PADI4 </em></strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs2240336/"><strong>rs2240336</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605761/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;C&rsquo; = Higher odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;T&rsquo;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;T&rsquo; = Lower odds of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to &lsquo;C&rsquo;</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;">*7174648618338955*</p> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recommendations for Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*3916498192493591*</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Plant-Based Diet</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fruits and vegetables are rich in polyphenols, a family of antioxidant compounds. Many polyphenols -- including </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-11-science-based-health-benefits-apigenin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">apigenin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-11-science-based-health-benefits-luteolin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">luteolin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/quercetin-22-scientifically-proven-benefits-quercetin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">quercetin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-15-scientific-health-benefits-of-resveratrol-with-references/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">resveratrol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/15-science-based-health-benefits-fisetin-1-favorite/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">fisetin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> -- have been reported to lower levels of IL-6 and may thus benefit individuals carrying risk variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">PADI4 </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">[</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814610003158"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266803/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958421"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671819"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791748/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149659"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261232/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some examples of fruits and vegetables that contain these compounds are red grapes, blueberries, tomatoes, carrots, and apples [</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814610003158"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863266/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266803/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958421"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671819"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791748/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149659"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261232/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a study of 53 rheumatoid arthritis patients, a vegetarian diet improved the severity of all measured symptoms and lab results after one year. However, some patients appeared to benefit a great deal from the diet change, while others did not benefit at all [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10479237/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Researchers speculated that the patients who benefited from the vegetarian diet might have </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/gut-bacteria-microbiome/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">gut bacteria</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that are more sensitive to diet changes [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10479237/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">A plant-based diet may help manage rheumatoid arthritis by lowering levels of IL-6, and potentially PADI4.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Curcumin (Turmeric)</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/curcumin-cures-top-15-scientifically-proven-health-benefits-with-references/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, an active compound found in the yellow spice turmeric, is well known to inhibit IL-6 production and activity, suggesting that it may also lower production of PADI4 [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719643/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin reduced some symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple studies. At high doses, it improved pain, morning stiffness, joint inflammation, and mobility [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7390600/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28850308/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407780/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, curcumin does not appear to be effective at lower doses. In the available studies, patients only benefited when consuming at least 500 mg per day [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482684/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Curcumin may help manage rheumatoid arthritis by lowering the production and activity of IL-6, thus potentially decreasing production of PADI4.</span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Black Seed Oil</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-28-scientific-benefits-of-the-panacea-black-cumin-seed-nigella-sativa/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Black seed oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (500 mg taken twice daily) reduced joint stiffness and swelling in 40 women with rheumatoid arthritis [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22162258"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In rats with arthritis, the active ingredient of black seed (thymoquinone) increased anti-inflammatory proteins while lowering pro-inflammatory ones -- including IL-6. This suggests that black seed may lower levels of PADI4 [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22450443"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Black seed oil may help manage rheumatoid arthritis by lowering levels of IL-6, and potentially PADI4.</span></p>
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512 | content_learn_more_7174648618338955_key == 7174648618338955
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512 | content_learn_more_7174648618338955_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your PADI4 gene is associated with a somewhat increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, relative to other variants. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of rheumatoid arthritis; it’s just one gene related to it. Adhering to a plant-based diet, taking curcumin supplements, and taking black seed oil supplements may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
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512 | content_recommendation_3916498192493591_blur == True
512 | content_recommendation_3916498192493591_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs2240336,rs2240335,rs2301888
rsStatus = rs2240336,PADI4,chr1,17347907,C,T,,,16,7,HET
rsStatus = rs2240335,PADI4,chr1,17348042,C,A,,,23,1,HET
rsStatus = rs2301888,PADI4,chr1,17346235,G,A,,,13,0,Normal
