52 | id == 52
52 | category_id == 18
52 | category_order == 15
52 | category_name == Weight
52 | category_color == #C47AC0
52 | slug == obesity-diabetes-PEMT
52 | title == A Surprising Player in Obesity and Diabetes (PEMT)
52 | meta_description == Certain PEMT variants correlate with obesity and diabetes. Do you have them? Click to check your genes.
52 | summary == <p><strong>PEMT is an overlooked player in fat and glucose metabolism. Specific variants correlate with obesity and diabetes, but they also have a positive side. Read on to check your PEMT gene and learn how it impacts metabolic health.</strong></p>
52 | overall_score_text == Obesity and Diabetes Score (based on PEMT gene)
52 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/How-You-Can-Prevent-Obesity-and-Diabetes-PEMT.jpg
52 | author_id == 9
52 | author_name == Aleksa Ristic
52 | author_title == MS (Pharmacy)
52 | author_order == 45
52 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Aleksa.jpg
52 | author_intro == <p><strong>Aleksa received his MS in Pharmacy from the University of Belgrade, his master thesis focusing on protein sources in plant-based diets.</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>    <p>Aleksa is passionate about herbal pharmacy, nutrition, and functional medicine. He found a way to merge his two biggest passions&mdash;writing and health&mdash;and use them for noble purposes. His mission is to bridge the gap between science and everyday life, helping readers improve their health and feel better.</p>
52 | reviewer_id == 1
52 | reviewer_name == Jasmine Foster
52 | reviewer_title == BSc, BEd
52 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
52 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
52 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
52 | publish_date == 2019
52 | publish_date == 9
52 | publish_date == 26
52 | avg_rating == 5.0
52 | tags_id == 131
52 | tags_name == Choline
52 | tags_id == 127
52 | tags_name == Diabetes Type 2
52 | tags_id == 139
52 | tags_name == Insulin
52 | tags_id == 116
52 | tags_name == Insulin Resistance
52 | tags_id == 165
52 | tags_name == Obesity
52 | tags_id == 130
52 | tags_name == PEMT Gene
52 | permissions_favorite == False
52 | permissions_rate == False
52 | content_article == <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Role of PEMT in Metabolism</span></h2> <p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/PEMT_Roles_and_Regulation.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/PEMT_Roles_and_Regulation.jpg" alt="" /></span></a></p> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PEMT_Roles_and_Regulation.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: Wikimedia Commons</a><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>The <a href="../../gene/pemt/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> gene encodes an enzyme that makes </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-phosphatidylcholine/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">phosphatidylcholine </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">(PC) in the liver. It makes sure you don&rsquo;t run out of PC and choline, even if you don&rsquo;t get them from food [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10400"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-18-scientific-health-benefits-choline-cdp-choline-alpha-gpc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choline</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and PC play central roles in fat transport and metabolism. Recent studies underline the importance of phospholipids in weight control, insulin functions, and metabolic health [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514439/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349352/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When scientists put PEMT-deficient mice on a high-fat diet, they [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903412/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Didn&rsquo;t develop obesity and </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">insulin resistance</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quickly developed fatty liver</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Used </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/glucose/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">glucose</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> more efficiently</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Burned more energy</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PEMT encourages the body to burn fat for energy; this is beneficial to some extent and shields the liver from disease, but it can lead to obesity and insulin resistance when fat intake is higher. Lower PEMT activity forces the body to use glucose and boosts insulin sensitivity, but excessive fat accumulates in the liver [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30615497"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As always, the answer lies in the right balance&mdash;this post will help you find it.</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">PEMT produces phosphatidylcholine and choline, which are essential for fat metabolism. High PEMT activity protects the liver but plays a role in obesity and insulin resistance.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Do PEMT Variants Correlate with Obesity and Diabetes?</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A clinical trial of 257 adults confirmed the above findings: obesity was more common in people with the &ldquo;CC&rdquo; genotype on </span><a href="../../snp/rs7946/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs7946</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (higher PEMT), but this same group had lower rates of fatty liver [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391797"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A 2015 review included over 200,000 people and examined the association between different gene variants and obesity or fat distribution. One PEMT variant, </span><a href="../../snp/rs4646404/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4646404</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-G, correlated with the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). High WHR (larger waist circumference relative to hip size) indicates a buildup of abdominal fat (central or abdominal obesity), and it's a significant risk factor for heart disease and metabolic disorders [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338562/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935926/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9847978"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two more variants, </span><a href="../../snp/rs4646343/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs4646343</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-G and </span><a href="../../snp/rs7946/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs7946</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">-C, show a weaker correlation with WHR [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665552/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In over 370 individuals, people with at least one &ldquo;G&rdquo; allele on </span><a href="../../snp/rs12325817/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rs12325817</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (lower PEMT) had two times lower rates of diabetes compared with those with the "CC" genotype [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794489"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Variants that increase PEMT activity are associated with weight gain and abdominal obesity; decreased PEMT activity correlates with lower rates of diabetes.&nbsp;</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">How It Works</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists noticed that PEMT-deficient mice were more likely to gain weight and become insulin-resistant when supplemented with choline. Thus, higher PEMT may play a role in obesity and diabetes by making excessive choline [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877991"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903412/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Following this observation, they set out to determine how choline induced these metabolic changes and discovered the following [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903412/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543033/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It stimulated fat transport out of the liver and increased blood lipids</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It suppressed </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/ppargamma-role-weight-gain-inflammation-natural-activators/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">PPAR-gamma</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> receptors in the liver</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It boosted </span><a href="https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/glucagon-levels/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">glucagon</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> levels and impaired glucose metabolism</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, increased PEMT expression in fat tissue may contribute to abdominal fat buildup [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089575/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756298/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://r"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">According to animal trials, excess choline from high PEMT activity may contribute to obesity and diabetes by increasing blood lipids, suppressing PPAR-gamma receptors, and impairing glucose metabolism.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Your PEMT Results for Obesity and Diabetes</span></h2> <p>*2560066253046131*</p> <p><strong>Primary SNPs:&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs7946/"><strong>rs7946</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'T' = Doesn't correlate with obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'C' = Correlates with obesity</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population frequency:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 37% of the general population has the &ldquo;CC&rdquo; genotype</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around </span><strong>10% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have this genotype</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs12325817/"><strong>rs12325817</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'G' = Correlates with lower rates of diabetes</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'C' = Doesn't correlate with diabetes</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population frequency:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 61% of the general population has the &ldquo;CC&rdquo; genotype</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around </span><strong>31% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have this genotype</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Other important SNPs:</strong></p> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs4646404/"><strong>rs4646404</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'A' = Doesn't correlate with abdominal obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'G' = Correlates with abdominal obesity</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population frequency:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 74% of the general population has the &ldquo;GG&rdquo; genotype</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around </span><strong>43% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have this genotype</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>PEMT </strong><a href="../../snp/rs4646343/"><strong>rs4646343</strong></a></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'T' = Doesn't correlate with abdominal obesity</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">'G' = Correlates with abdominal obesity</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Population frequency:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around 65% of the general population has the &ldquo;GG&rdquo; genotype</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Around </span><strong>31% of European descendants</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> have this genotype</span></li> </ul> <p>*9815045930166558*</p> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recommendations to Improve Metabolic Health</span></h2> <p>Please note: the following recommendations are for informational purposes only; they are not meant to diagnose or treat any medical condition. Make sure to consult with your doctor before applying any changes to your diet, lifestyle, or therapy.</p> <p>*4016188876388582*</p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lifestyle</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress Reduction</span></h4> <p><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/63-factors-raising-stress-cortisol-level-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> causes the pancreas to release more glucagon, which increases blood glucose and may worsen the effects of overactive PEMT. The stress hormone, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cortisol</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, mediates this effect [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084782/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stress plays a crucial role in obesity and insulin resistance, and it&rsquo;s among the worst enemies in maintaining optimal metabolic health [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3658316/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306634/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8287639"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Embrace Cold</span></h4> <p><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/12-reasons-embrace-cold/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cold exposure</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> may lessen the harmful effects of overactive PEMT by boosting PPAR-gamma and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/adiponectin/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">adiponectin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. As a result, it improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in a couple of small clinical trials [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903953"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26096127"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303978"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436346"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Short-term cold exposure may also help burn calories. One study even suggested it "may contribute to counteracting the current obesity epidemic." [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726172/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24462079"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can practice cold exposure wherever you are by taking cold showers. From Joe&rsquo;s personal experience: "they are perfect for balancing blood sugar and insulin."</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diet</span></h3> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Limit the Intake of Saturated Fat</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The negative effects of overactive PEMT in mice appeared only on a high-fat diet. Although clinical trials haven&rsquo;t confirmed this, dietary fats may play an important role in humans, too.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You want to be particularly careful with </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/saturatedfats-low-carb-diet-vs-high-carb-diet/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">saturated fat</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, as many human studies link its higher intake with obesity and insulin resistance [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5291812/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733250"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6140086/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Try to limit the intake of foods rich in saturated fat, such as [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966685/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report?nutrient1=606&amp;nutrient2=601&amp;nutrient3=&amp;fg=1&amp;max=25&amp;subset=0&amp;offset=0&amp;sort=c&amp;totCount=264&amp;measureby=m"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lard</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Palm oil</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Butter</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cheese</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Coconut oil</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Should you eat more carbs instead? Not necessarily. Other types of fat, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3, may be the best swap when it comes to metabolic health [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356006"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951141/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6140086/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">High intake of saturated fats from lard, dairy, and palm oil may worsen the negative effects of PEMT on weight gain and blood sugar. Consume more polyunsaturated fatty acids instead.</span></p> <h4><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cinnamon</span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cinnamon may improve insulin resistance and lower blood sugar and cholesterol by activating PPAR-gamma receptors [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19096709/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Try to consume this delicious spice on a daily basis.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplements</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The studies on mice blame excessive choline for weight gain and insulin resistance. If your variants boost PEMT activity, try not to make things worse by consuming too much choline in the form of supplements.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That said, choline is vital for the liver, heart, brain, and more. It's best not to go below the recommended daily amount: 500 mg for men and 425 mg for women [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193625"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some studies have linked higher choline intake with obesity and insulin resistance, while others found the opposite effects [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424601"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5445668/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863971/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27908547"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The following supplements may balance overactive PEMT by boosting PPAR-gamma:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/top-22-science-based-health-benefits-of-fish-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> fatty acids [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212005/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698426"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/literally-everything-wanted-know-zinc-backed-science/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Zinc</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226458"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/curcumin-cures-top-15-scientifically-proven-health-benefits-with-references/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Curcumin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234255/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They can have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing blood lipids [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445882/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347796/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478379/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872768/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767714/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PPAR-gamma activation benefits glucose metabolism and inflammation, but its impact on </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/a-comprehensive-list-of-effective-ways-to-lose-weight/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">weight loss</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is mixed and depends on other factors [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134073"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890192"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637349"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050128"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20973164"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can check out a </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/ppargamma-role-weight-gain-inflammation-natural-activators/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">more complete list of PPAR-gamma activators</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> over on SelfHacked.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That said, most supplements are still in the investigational phase and haven't been approved by the FDA.</span></p>
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52 | content_learn_more_2560066253046131_text == Your PEMT variants have a weak association with obesity and diabetes when combined with metabolic risk factors. Try to avoid stress, take cold showers, and consider other approaches suggested below. Keep reading for more details.
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rsIDs = rs4646404,rs12325817,rs7946,rs4646343
rsStatus = rs4646404,PEMT,chr17,17516885,G,A,,,29,13,HET
rsStatus = rs12325817,PEMT,chr17,17583205,C,A,G,T,34,0,Normal
rsStatus = rs7946,PEMT,chr17,17506246,C,T,,,25,11,HET
rsStatus = rs4646343,PEMT,chr17,17588763,G,A,T,,35,0,Normal
