585 | id == 585
585 | category_id == 63
585 | category_order == 28
585 | category_name == Skin Health
585 | category_color == #C47AC0
585 | slug == TYR-melanoma
585 | title == A Melanin-Producing Enzyme & Its Role in Melanoma (TYR)
585 | meta_description == TYR helps produce melanin. Variants of TYR have been associated with melanoma. Read more here.
585 | summary == <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>The <em>TYR</em> gene codes for an enzyme that helps produce melanin. How might variants of <em>TYR</em> increase the odds of developing melanoma? Read more to find out.</strong><br />  &nbsp;</p>
585 | overall_score_text == Your Melanoma Score (based on TYR gene)
585 | image == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/background/TYR-Melanoma.jpg
585 | author_id == 14
585 | author_name == Shany Lahan
585 | author_title == MS (Neuroscience)
585 | author_order == 5
585 | author_photo == https://sd-selfdecode-assets-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/author-photo/Shany.webp
585 | author_intro == <p>Shany received her MSc in Neuroscience from Western University.</p>    <p>Prior to joining SelfDecode, Shany conducted research related to Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, and taught science to undergraduate students. She believes that research should be accessible to everyone, regardless of scientific background. Shany joined SelfDecode&nbsp;with a mission to help others optimize their health and wellbeing &ndash; as well as help them understand the science behind it all.</p>
585 | reviewer == None
585 | medical_reviewer_id == 11
585 | medical_reviewer_name == Puya Yazdi
585 | medical_reviewer_title == MD
585 | publish_date == 2021
585 | publish_date == 1
585 | publish_date == 5
585 | avg_rating == 5.0
585 | tags_id == 164
585 | tags_name == Cancer
585 | tags_id == 1054
585 | tags_name == Melanin
585 | tags_id == 1097
585 | tags_name == Melanocyte
585 | tags_id == 1053
585 | tags_name == Pigmentation
585 | tags_id == 1098
585 | tags_name == Skin Color
585 | tags_id == 1096
585 | tags_name == TYR Gene
585 | tags_id == 1055
585 | tags_name == Tyrosinase
585 | permissions_favorite == False
585 | permissions_rate == False
585 | content_article == <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Summary</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">codes for tyrosinase, a pigment-producing enzyme. Variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">may play a role in melanoma by augmenting the production of tyrosinase and promoting the development of melanin, a double-edged pigment. Lifestyle, diet, and supplement modifications may counteract the effects of these variants by balancing tyrosinase production.</span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>TYR</em></strong><strong> and Melanoma</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://selfdecode.com/gene/tyr/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYR</span></em></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">gene codes for tyrosinase, an enzyme that helps produce melanin and other pigments in cells called melanocytes [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7299"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873608/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes is the main determinant of an individual&rsquo;s skin color, with more melanin (i.e., greater tyrosinase activity) leading to darker skin. Higher levels of melanin may also help protect melanocytes against UV-mediated DNA damage [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888889/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450257/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a type of skin cancer termed melanoma, melanocytes divide uncontrollably in response to DNA damage. As a result, immune cells generate antibodies that target tyrosinase and other parts of these cells. The self-targeting antibodies (autoantibodies) generated are likely to result in immune attacks that destroy both normal and abnormal melanocytes, leading to areas of skin that lack pigmentation [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9140726/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA damage protection in combination with the destruction of melanocytes suggests that augmenting tyrosinase production may be beneficial; however, tumor clearance mediated by autoantibodies is rare [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9140726/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888090/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition, excessive tyrosinase activity and melanin production may lower the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, due to the ability of melanin to absorb radiation and remove </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/oxidative-stress-101/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">reactive oxygen species</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Melanin production also generates immunosuppressive byproducts that may hinder immunotherapy. Ultimately, high tyrosinase activity may promote disease progression [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26881706/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Multiple studies have reported increased levels of tyrosinase in melanoma patients and unsurprisingly, variants of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">TYR </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">have been associated with this disease. These variants likely boost tyrosinase, thereby hindering therapies and promoting melanoma progression [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722221/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12088451/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/21983787"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/19578364"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5392271/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826379/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826379/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><strong>Your </strong><strong><em>TYR</em></strong><strong> Results for Melanoma</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*5118516675077449*</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Primary SNP:</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>TYR </em></strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs1393350/"><strong>rs1393350</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/21983787"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/19578364"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5392271/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Higher odds of melanoma</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Not associated with melanoma</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Other Important SNP:</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>TYR </em></strong><a href="https://selfdecode.com/snp/rs1126809/"><strong>rs1126809</strong></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826379/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826379/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;A&rsquo; = Higher odds of melanoma</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">&lsquo;G&rsquo; = Not associated with melanoma</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;">*2342046144616627*</p> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recommendations for Preventing Melanoma</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">*4363386788629819*</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">As described above, low levels of tyrosinase may promote melanoma incidence, while high levels may promote melanoma progression. The recommendations below offer ways to balance tyrosinase by preventing excessive increases or slightly lowering its production.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lifestyle</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Reducing UV Exposure</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">UV</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> radiation may exacerbate the production of tyrosinase and melanin [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11851885/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921859/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Excessive, unprotected exposure to UV radiation is by far the main risk factor for the development of melanoma. UV from both the sun and artificial sources (tanning beds and sun lamps) damages the DNA of melanocytes, potentially causing mutations that turn these cells into melanomas [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25398793/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29936410/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24629998/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">People with low levels of melanin, who typically have fair skin, blond or red hair, and light-colored eyes, are at higher risk of melanoma than those with dark skin [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31002590"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alternatively, every single mole has a small probability of turning into cancer. Having a high number of moles, especially if they are large or have atypical features, also increases the risk of this skin cancer type [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2545764/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934430"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Reducing UV radiation by limiting sun exposure (especially in the middle of the day), wearing protective clothing and sunscreen, and being aware of skin-sensitizing medications can greatly reduce the risk of melanoma.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">Reducing UV exposure may help prevent melanoma by limiting the production of tyrosinase and melanin.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Diet</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mediterranean Diet</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Mediterranean diet is rich in </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/olive-oil/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">olive oil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, fish, vegetables, legumes, fresh fruit, and herbs.</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">One study determined two compounds that are likely consumed in greater amounts when adhering to the Mediterranean diet -- </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/panacea-benefits-broccoli-sprouts-sulforaphane/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sulforaphane</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (found in cruciferous vegetables) and carnosol (found in sage and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/rosemary-benefits/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rosemary</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) -- to decrease the production and activity of tyrosinase [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21071833/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been associated with a reduction in the risk of melanoma by approximately 30% in multiple studies [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31380561/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18621803/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26212104/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769978/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516764/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, high intake of citrus fruits (a common ingredient of the Mediterranean diet) is linked to an </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">increased </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">risk of melanoma. The high psoralen content of these fruits may make the skin more sensitive to UV radiation [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979231/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741035/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335211/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32791010/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32710289/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">The Mediterranean diet may help prevent melanoma by limiting the activity and production of tyrosinase.</span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Supplements</strong></h3> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>B Vitamins</strong></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a cell study, </span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/vitamin-b6/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">vitamin B6</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><a href="http://selfhacked.com/blog/vitamin-b6/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">pyridoxine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) compounds were found to lower the amount of melanin. This effect was attributed to reductions in tyrosinase [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552155/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Supplementation with a combination of vitamin B6, </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/16-proven-benefits-vitamin-b9-folate-folic-acid/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">B9</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/16-proven-benefits-vitamin-b9-folate-folic-acid/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">folic acid</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">), and </span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/vitamin-b12/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">B1</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">2</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (</span><a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/vitamin-b12/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cobalamin</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">) was associated with a reduced incidence of melanoma in 3 large studies [</span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22474057/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16531613/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593624/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">].</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #e8ebfc; border-left: 2px solid #4569fa; display: block; padding: 20px;">B vitamins may help prevent melanoma by limiting the production of tyrosinase and melanin.</span></p>
585 | content_snp_table_5118516675077449_key == 5118516675077449
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585 | content_learn_more_2342046144616627_key == 2342046144616627
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585 | content_learn_more_2342046144616627_hidden == False
585 | content_learn_more_2342046144616627_text == Based on the variants we looked at, your TYR gene makes you somewhat more likely to develop melanoma. However, this doesn't necessarily reflect your overall risk of melanoma; it’s just one gene related to it. Reducing UV exposure, adhering to the Mediterranean diet, and supplementing with B vitamins may help. Keep scrolling to find out more.
585 | content_recommendation_4363386788629819_key == 4363386788629819
585 | content_recommendation_4363386788629819_blur == True
585 | content_recommendation_4363386788629819_hidden == False
rsIDs = rs1126809,rs1393350
rsStatus = rs1126809,TYR,chr11,89284793,G,A,,,5,24,HET
rsStatus = rs1393350,TYR,chr11,89277878,G,A,,,13,8,HET
